Daily Current Affairs 04 July 2024 – IAS Current Affairs
Current Affairs 04 July 2024 focuses on the Prelims-Mains perspective. Major events are :
Demand of restoring Education to the State list
Source: The Hindu
GS II: Education
Overview
- News in Brief
- Education in State List Concurrent List
- Why the Demand for restoring Education to the State list?
Why in the News?
The NEET-UG exam has been embroiled in controversies over the award of grace marks, allegations of paper leaks and other irregularities.
News in Brief
- The government also cancelled the UGC-NET exam after it was held, while the CSIR-NET and NEET-PG exams have been postponed.
Education in State List Concurrent List
Understanding State List
- The State List is a list of topics on which each State Government is authorized to enact laws, listed in the 7th Schedule of the Indian Constitution.
- This list covers things like municipal government, agriculture, public health, and law enforcement.
- Because of this separation of powers, states are guaranteed the ability to efficiently manage and handle local matters without intervention from the federal government.
- Education is currently included in the concurrent list.
Background
- Under the Government of India Act, of 1935 -Education was kept under the Provincial Legislative List.
- After independence, education was on the State list of seventh schedule.
- 42nd Constitutional Amendment (1976) moved it to the Concurrent list, following the Swaran Singh Committee’s
recommendation.
Presently, education is under concurrent list of Schedule 7 of the Constitution enabling both the Centre as well as the States to
enact laws.
Why the Demand for restoring Education to the State list?
- A one-size-fits-all strategy is neither desired nor practical for a varied nation like India.
- Revenue Spending on Education: According to ‘Analysis of Budgeted Expenditure on Education’ 2022, the States spend 76% of the money, with the Center spending 24%.
- The curriculum may be modified to meet each state’s criteria.
- Since local governments are better equipped to handle educational demands, education was originally a state responsibility under the constitution.
- 42nd Amendment shifted education to the Concurrent List, undermining federalism.
Bretton Woods Conference
Source: IMF
GS II: Education
Overview
- News in Brief
- Education in State List Concurrent List
- Why the Demand for restoring Education to the State list?
Why in the News?
In recognition of the 80th anniversary of the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference (the “Bretton Woods Conference”), the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank Group today announced the launch of a consultation tasked with developing a long-term view on the future of the world economy, international cooperation, and the roles of the Bank and the Fund.
News in Brief
- Bank and the Fund are pleased to announce the formation of a group of external advisors to help guide the exercise.
- This event explores the ambitious architecture of the international financial system set out at the Bretton Woods Conference in 1944.
- Eighty years later, the global economy is once again in a moment of significant turmoil as countries recover from the pandemic and conflict has flared across Europe, the Middle East, and Africa.
About Bretton Woods Conference
- The Bretton Woods Conference, formally known as the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference, stands as a pivotal moment in the history of global economic governance.
- Held from July 1 to 22, 1944, in the serene town of Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, this conference laid the foundation for the modern international financial system.
Background and Context
- As World War II drew to a close, the Allied nations recognized the need for a stable and cooperative international economic framework to prevent the economic turmoil that had characterized the interwar period.
- The Great Depression, competitive devaluations, and trade wars had wreaked havoc on global economies, leading to widespread poverty and political instability.
- The Bretton Woods Conference was convened to address these issues and to establish a new economic order that would promote stability and growth.
Key Objectives
The primary objectives of the Bretton Woods Conference were to create institutions that would oversee the international monetary system and facilitate post-war reconstruction. The conference aimed to achieve the following:
- Stabilize Exchange Rates: To prevent the competitive devaluations that had plagued the interwar period, the conference sought to establish a system of fixed exchange rates.
- Promote Economic Growth: By facilitating international trade and investment, the new system aimed to foster economic growth and development.
- Prevent Economic Crises: The conference aimed to create mechanisms to provide financial assistance to countries facing balance of payments problems, thereby preventing economic crises.
Major Outcomes
The Bretton Woods Conference resulted in the creation of two key institutions that continue to play a crucial role in the global economy:
- International Monetary Fund (IMF):
- The IMF was established to oversee the international monetary system and to provide short-term financial assistance to countries facing balance of payments difficulties.
- It aimed to promote exchange rate stability and to facilitate the balanced growth of international trade.
- International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD):
- Commonly known as the World Bank, the IBRD was created to provide long-term capital for the reconstruction of war-torn economies and for the development of emerging economies.
- It focused on funding infrastructure projects and promoting economic development.
The Bretton Woods System
- The agreements reached at the Bretton Woods Conference led to the establishment of the Bretton Woods system.
- This system was characterized by fixed exchange rates, with currencies pegged to the US dollar, which in turn was convertible to gold.
- This arrangement provided stability and predictability to international trade and investment.
Legacy and Impact
- The Bretton Woods Conference had a profound and lasting impact on the global economic order.
- The institutions it created—the IMF and the World Bank—continue to play a central role in international economic governance.
- The Bretton Woods system itself lasted until the early 1970s, when the US abandoned the gold standard, leading to the current system of floating exchange rates.
- The conference also set a precedent for international economic cooperation, highlighting the importance of multilateralism in addressing global economic challenges.
- It demonstrated that nations could come together to create a framework that promotes stability, growth, and development.
Conclusion
- The Bretton Woods Conference was a landmark event that reshaped the global economic landscape.
- By establishing the IMF and the World Bank, it laid the foundation for a more stable and cooperative international monetary system.
- Its legacy continues to influence global economic policies and institutions, underscoring the enduring importance of international collaboration in achieving economic stability and prosperity.
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