UPSC Indian Polity/Constitution Mains Previous Year Questions

Here we are provided subject wise previous Year questions. This will help more understanding of the topic and exam pattern of Indian

Polity/Constitution Mains.

Provided UPSC Civil Service exam previous year questions from 2024 to 2013.

Syllabus for Constitution of India and Indian polity 

1. Indian Constitution- historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure
2. Functions and responsibilities of the Union and the States, issues and challenges pertaining to the federal structure, devolution of powers and finances up to local levels and challenges therein
3. Separation of powers between various organs dispute redressal mechanisms and institutions
4. Comparison of the Indian constitutional scheme with that of other countries
5. Parliament and State Legislatures – structure, functioning, conduct of business, powers & privileges and issues arising out of these
6. Structure, organisation and functioning of the Executive and the Judiciary Ministries and Departments of the Government; pressure groups and formal/informal associations and their role in the Polity
7. Salient features of the Representation of People’s Act
8. Appointment to various Constitutional posts, powers, functions and responsibilities of various Constitutional Bodies
9. Statutory, regulatory and various quasi-judicial bodies

Last Updated on: 30-11-2024

2024 UPSC IAS Indian Polity Mains

Q1. Examine the need for electoral reforms as suggested by various committees with particular reference to “one nation — one election” principle. (Answer in 150 words) 10

Q2. Explain and distinguish between Lok Adalats and Arbitration Tribunals. Whether they entertain civil as well as criminal cases ? (Answer in 150 words) 10

Q3. The growth of cabinet system has practically resulted in the marginalisation of the parliamentary supremacy.” Elucidate. (Answer in 150 words) 10

Q4. The duty of the Comptroller and Auditor General is not merely to ensure the legality of expenditure but also its propriety.” Comment. (Answer in 150 words) 10

Q5. Analyse the role of local bodies in providing good governance at local level and bring out the pros and cons merging the rural local bodies with the urban local bodies. (Answer in 150 words) 10

2023 UPSC IAS Indian Polity Mains

Q1. “Constitutionally guaranteed judicial independence is a prerequisite of democracy.” Comment. (Answer in 150 words) 10

Q2. Who are entitled to receive free legal aid? Assess the role of the National Legal Services Authority (NALSA) in rendering free legal aid in India. (Answer in 150 words) 10

Q3. “The states in India seem reluctant to empower urban local bodies both functionally as well as financially.” Comment. (Answer in 150 words) 10

Q4. Compare and contrast the British and Indian approaches to Parliamentary sovereignty. (Answer in 150 words) 10

Q5. Discuss the role of Presiding Officers of state legislatures in maintaining order and impartiality in conducting legislative work and in facilitating best democratic practices. (Answer in 150 words) 10

Q6. Discuss the role of the Competition Commission of India in containing the abuse of dominant position by the Multi-National Corporations in India. Refer to the recent decisions. (Answer in 150 words) 10

Q7. e-governance, as a critical tool of governance, has ushered in effectiveness, transparency and accountability in governments. What inadequacies hamper the enhancement of these features? (Answer in 150 words) 10

Q8. “The Constitution of India is a living instrument with capabilities of enormous dynamism. It is a constitution made for a progressive society.” Illustrate with special reference to the expanding horizons of the right to life and personal liberty. (Answer in 250 words) 15

Q9. Account for the legal and political factors responsible for the reduced frequency of using Article 356 by the Union Governments since mid-1990s. (Answer in 250 words) 15

Q10. Explain the constitutional perspectives of Gender Justice with the help of relevant Constitutional Provisions and case laws. (Answer in 250 words) 15

Q11. Explain the significance of the 101st Constitutional Amendment Act. To what extent does it reflect the accommodative spirit of federalism? (Answer in 250 words) 15

Q12. Explain the structure of the Parliamentary Committee system. How far have the financial committees helped in the institutionalisation of Indian Parliament? (Answer in 250 words) 15

2022 UPSC IAS Indian Polity Mains

Q1. “The most significant achievement of modern law in India is the constitutionalization of environmental problems by the Supreme Court.” Discuss this statement with the help of relevant case laws. (Answer in 150 words) 10

Q2. “Right of movement and residence throughout the territory of India are freely available to the Indian citizens, but these rights are not absolute.” Comment. (Answer in 150 words) 10

Q3. To what extent, in your opinion, has the decentralization of power in India changed the governance landscape at the grassroots? (Answer in 150 words) 10

Q4. Discuss the role of the Vice-President of India as the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha. (Answer in 150 words) 10

Q5. Discuss the role of the National Commission for Backward Classes in the wake of its transformation from a statutory body to a constitutional body. (Answer in 150 words) 10

Q6. Discuss the procedures to decide the disputes arising out of the election of a Member of the Parliament or State Legislature under The Representation of the People Act, 1951. What are the grounds on which the election of any returned candidate may be declared void? What remedy is available to the aggrieved party against the decision? Refer to the case laws. (Answer in 250 words) 15

Q7. Discuss the essential conditions for exercise of the legislative powers by the Governor. Discuss the legality of re-promulgation of ordinances by the Governor without placing them before the Legislature. (Answer in 250 words) 15

Q8. “While the national political parties in India favour centralisation, the regional parties are in favour of State autonomy.” Comment. (Answer in 250 words) 15

Q10. Discuss the role of the Election Commission of India in light of the evolution of the Model Code of Conduct. (Answer in 250 words) 15

2021 UPSC IAS Indian Polity Mains

Q1. Constitutional Morality’ is rooted in the Constitution itself and is founded on its essential facets. Explain the doctrine of ‘Constitutional Morality’ with the help of relevant judicial decisions. (Answer in 150 words) 10

Q2. To what extend in your view parliament if able to ensure accountability of the executive in India? (Answer in 150 words) 10

Q3. Analyse the distinguishing features of the notion of the Right to Equality in the Constitutions of the USA and India. (Answer in 250 words) 15

Q4. Explain the constitutional provisions under which Legislative Councils are established. Review the working and current status of Legislative Councils with suitable illustrations. (Answer in 250 words) 15

Q5. How have the recommendations of the 14th France Commission of India enabled the States to improve their fiscal position? (Answer in 250 words) 10

Q6. Do Department-related Parliamentary Standing Committees keep the administration on its toes and inspire reverence for parliamentary control? Evaluate the working of such committees with suitable examples. (Answer in 250 words) 10

Q9. Critically examine the procedures through which the Presidents of India and France are elected. (Answer in 250 words) 15

2020 UPSC IAS Indian Polity Mains

Q1. “There is a need for simplification of procedure for disqualification of persons found guilty of corrupt practices under the Representation of peoples Act” Comment (Answer in 150 words) Mark 10

Q2. “Recent amendments to the Right to information Act will have profound impact on the autonomy and independence of the Information Commission”. Discuss  (Answer in 150 words) Mark 10

Q3. How far do you think cooperation, competition and confrontation have shaped the nature of federation in India? Cite some recent examples to validate your answer (Answer in 150 words) Mark 10

Q4. “Once a speaker, Always a speaker’! Do you think the practice should be adopted to impart objectivity to the office of the Speaker of Lok Sabha? What could be its implications for the robust functioning of parliamentary business in India. (Answer in 150 words) Mark 10

Q5. The judicial systems in India and UK seem to be converging as well as diverging in recent times. Highlight the key points of convergence and divergence between the two nations in terms of their judicial practices. (Answer in 150 words) Mark 10

Q6. In order to enhance the prospects of social development, sound and adequate health care policies are needed particularly in the fields of geriatric and maternal health care. Discuss. (Answer in 150 words) Mark 10

Q7. “Institutional quality is a crucial driver of economic performance”. In this context suggest reforms in Civil Service for strengthening democracy. (Answer in 150 words) Mark 10

Q8. Rajya Sabha has been transformed from a ‘useless stepney tyre’ to the most useful supporting organ in past few decades. Highlight the factors as well as the areas in which this transformation could be visible. (Answer in 250 words) 15

Q9. Indian constitution exhibits centralising tendencies to maintain unity and integrity of the nation. Elucidate in the perspective of the Epidemic Diseases Act, 1897; The Disaster Management Act, 2005 and recently passed Farm Acts. (Answer in 250 words) 15

Q10. Judicial Legislation is antithetical to the doctrine of separation of powers as envisaged in the Indian Constitution. In this context justify the filing of large number of public interest petitions praying for issuing guidelines to executive authorities. (Answer in 250 words) 15

Q11. The strength and sustenance of local institutions in India has shifted from their formative phase of ‘Functions, Functionaries and Funds’ to the contemporary stage of ‘Functionality’. Highlight the critical challenges faced by local institutions in terms of their functionality in recent times. (Answer in 250 words) 15

Q10. Which steps are required for constitutionalization of a commission? Do you think imparting constitutionality to the National Commission for Women would ensure greater gender justice and empowerment in India? Give reasons. (Answer in 250 words) 15

2019 UPSC IAS Indian Polity Mains

Q1. Do you think the Constitution of India does not accept the principle of strict separation of powers rather it is based on the principle of ‘checks and balance’? Explain (Answer in 150 words) Mark 10

Q2. “The Central Administrative Tribunal which was established for redressal of grievances and complaints by or against central government employees nowadays is exercising its powers as an independent judicial authority.” Explain.  (Answer in 150 words) Mark 10

Q3. From the resolution of contentious issues regarding distribution of legislative powers by the courts, ‘Principle of Federal Supremacy’ and ‘Harmonious Construction’ have emerged. Explain. (Answer in 150 words) Mark 10

Q4. What can France learn from the Indian Constitution’s approach to secularism? (Answer in 150 words) Mark 10

Q3.“Parliament’s power to amend the constitution is limited power and it cannot be enlarged into absolute power”. In light of this statement, explain whether parliament under article 368 of the constitution can destroy the basic structure of the constitution by expanding its amending power?  (Answer in 250 words) Mark 15

Q4. “The reservation of seats for women in the institution of local self-government has had a limited impact on the patriarchal character of the Indian political process”. Comment.  (Answer in 250 words) Mark 15

Q5. “The Attorney-General is the chief legal adviser and lawyer of the Government of India.” Discuss  (Answer in 250 words) Mark 15

Q6. Individual parliamentarian’s role as the national lawmaker is on a decline, which in turn, has adversely impacted the quality of debates and their outcome. Discuss.  (Answer in 250 words) Mark 15

2018 UPSC IAS Indian Polity Mains

Q1. In the light of recent controversy regarding the use of Electronic Voting Machines (EVM), what are the challenges before the Election Commission of India to ensure the trustworthiness of elections in India? (Answer in 150 words) Mark 10

Q2. Whether the National Commission for Scheduled Castes (NCSC) can enforce the implementation of constitutional reservation for the Scheduled Castes in the religious minority institutions? Examine. (Answer in 150 words) Mark 10

Q3. Under what circumstances can the Financial Emergency be proclaimed by the President of India? What consequences follow when such a declaration remains in force? (Answer in 150 words) Mark 10

Q4. Why do you think the committees are considered to be useful for parliamentary work? Discuss, in this context, the role of the Estimates Committee. (Answer in 150 words) Mark 10

Q5. “The Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) has a very vital role to play.” Explain how this is reflected in the method and terms of his appointment as well as the range of powers he can exercise. (Answer in 150 words) Mark 10

Q6. Whether the supreme court judgement (July 2018) can settle the political tussle between the Lt. Governor and elected government of Delhi? (Answer in 150 words) Mark 10

Q7. How far do you agree with the view that tribunals curtail the jurisdiction of ordinary courts? In view of the above, discuss the constitutional validity and competency of the tribunals in India. (Answer in 250 words) Mark 15

Q8. How is the Finance Commission of India constituted? What do you know about the terms of reference of the recently constituted Finance Commission? Discuss. (Answer in 250 words) Mark 15

Q9. Assess the importance of the Panchayat system in India as a part of local government. Apart from government grants, what sources the Panchayats can look out for financing developmental projects? (Answer in 250 words) Mark 15

2017 UPSC IAS Indian Polity Mains

Q1. “The local self-government system in India has not proved to be an effective instrument of governance”. Critically examine the statement and give your views to improve the situation. (Answer in 150 words) Mark 10

Q2. Critically examine the Supreme Court’s judgement on ‘National Judicial Appointments Commission Act, 2014’ with reference to the appointment of judges of higher judiciary in India. (Answer in 150 words) Mark 10

Q3. ‘Simultaneous election to the Lok Sabha and the State Assemblies will limit the amount of time and money spent in electioneering but it will reduce the government’s accountability to the people’ Discuss. (Answer in 150 words) Mark 10

Q4. Discuss the role of the Public Accounts Committee in establishing accountability of the government to the people. (Answer in 150 words) Mark 10

Q5. Explain the salient features of the constitution(One Hundred and First Amendment) Act, 2016. Do you think it is efficacious enough to remove the cascading effect of taxes and provide for the common national market for goods and services? (Answer in 250 words) Mark 15

Q6. Examine the scope of Fundamental Rights in the light of the latest judgement of the Supreme Court on Right to Privacy. (Answer in 250 words) Mark 15

Q7. The Indian Constitution has provisions for holding joint sessions of the two houses of the Parliament. Enumerate the occasions when this would normally happen and also the occasions when it cannot, with reasons thereof. (Answer in 250 words) Mark 15

Q8. To enhance the quality of democracy in India the Election Commission of India has proposed electoral reforms in 2016. What are the suggested reforms and how far are they significant to make democracy successful? (Answer in 250 words) Mark 15

Q9. Is the National Commission for Women able to strategize and tackle the problems that women face at both public and private spheres? Give reasons in support of your answer. (Answer in 250 words) Mark 15

2016 UPSC IAS Indian Polity Mains

Q1. Discuss the essentials of the 69th Constitutional Amendment Act and anomalies, if any, that have led to recent reported conflicts between the elected representatives and the institution of the Lieutenant Governor in the administration of Delhi. Do you think that this will give rise to a new trend in the functioning of the Indian federal politics? (Answer in 150 words) Mark 12½

Q2. To what extent is Article 370 of the Indian Constitution, bearing marginal note “temporary provision with respect to the State of Jammu and Kashmir”, temporary? Discuss the future prospects of this provision in the context of Indian polity. (Answer in 150 words) Mark 12½

Q3. “The Indian party system is passing through a phase of transition which looks to be full of contradictions and paradoxes.” Discuss. (Answer in 150 words) Mark 12½

Q4. Exercise of CAG’s powers in relation to the accounts of the Union and the States is derived from Article 149 of the Indian Constitution. Discuss whether an audit of the Government’s policy implementation could amount to overstepping its own (CAG) jurisdiction. (Answer in 150 words) Mark 12½

Q5. Discuss each adjective attached to the word ‘Republic’ in the ‘Preamble’. Are they defendable in the present circumstances? (Answer in 150 words) Mark 12½

Q6. What was held in the Coelho case? In this context, can you say that judicial review is of key importance amongst the basic features of the Constitution?  (Answer in 150 words) Mark 12½

Q7. Did the Government of India Act, 1935 lay down a federal constitution? Discuss. (Answer in 150 words) Mark 12½

Q8. What is a quasi-judicial body? Explain with the help of concrete examples. (Answer in 150 words) Mark 12½

2015 UPSC IAS Indian Polity Mains

Q1. Discuss the possible factors that inhibit India from enacting for its citizens a uniform civil code as provided for in the Directive Principles of State Policy. (Answer in 150 words) Mark 12½

Q2. The concept of cooperative federalism has been increasingly emphasized in recent years. Highlight the drawbacks in the existing structure and the extent to which cooperative federalism would answer the shortcomings. (Answer in 150 words) Mark 12½

Q3. In the absence of a well-educated and organized local level government system, `Panchayats’ and ‘Samitis’ have remained mainly political institutions and not effective instruments of governance. Critically discuss. (Answer in 150 words) Mark 12½

Q4. Resorting to ordinances has always raised concern on violation of the spirit of separation of powers doctrine. While noting the rationales justifying the power to promulgate ordinances, analyze whether the decisions of the Supreme Court on the issue have further facilitated resorting to this power. Should the power to promulgate ordinances be repealed? (Answer in 150 words) Mark 12½

Q5. What are the major changes brought in the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 through the recent Ordinance promulgated by the President? How far will it improve India’s dispute resolution mechanism? Discuss. (Answer in 150 words) Mark 12½

Q6. Does the right to clean the environment entail legal regulations on burning crackers during Diwali? Discuss in the light of Article 21 of the Indian Constitution and Judgement(s) of the Apex Court in this regard. (Answer in 150 words) Mark 12½

Q7. “If an amendment bill to the Whistleblowers Act, 2011 tabled in the Parliament is passed, there may be no one left to protect.” Critically evaluate. (Answer in 150 words) Mark 12½

2014 UPSC IAS Indian Polity Mains

Q1. Starting from inventing the ‘basic structure’ doctrine, the judiciary has played a highly proactive role in ensuring that India develops into a thriving democracy. In light of the statement, evaluate the role played by judicial activism in achieving the ideals of democracy. (Answer in 150 words) Mark 12½

Q2. Though the federal principle is dominant in our Constitution and that principle is one of its basic features, it is equally true that federalism under the Indian Constitution leans in favour of a strong Centre, a feature that militates against the concept of strong federalism. (Answer in 150 words) Mark 12½

Q3. The ‘Powers, Privileges and Immunities of Parliament and its Members’ as envisaged in Article 105 of the Constitution leave room for a large number of uncodified and unenumerated privileges to continue. Assess the reasons for the absence of legal codification of the ‘parliamentary privileges’. How can this problem be addressed? (Answer in 150 words) Mark 12½

Q4. What do understand by the concept “freedom of speech and expression”? Does it cover hate speech also? Why do the films in India stand on a slightly different plane from other forms of expression? Discuss. (Answer in 150 words) Mark 12½

Q5. Instances of the President’s delay in commuting death sentences has come under public debate as denial of justice. Should there be a time specified for the President to accept/reject such petitions? Analyse (Answer in 150 words) Mark 12½

Q6. The size of the cabinet should be as big as governmental work justifies and as big as the Prime Minister can manage as a team. How far is the efficacy of a government then inversely related to the size of the cabinet? Discuss. (Answer in 150 words) Mark 12½

2013 UPSC IAS Indian Polity Mains

Q1. The role of individual MPs (Members of Parliament) has diminished over the years and as a result healthy constructive debates on policy issues are not usually witnessed. How far can this be attributed to the anti-defection law, which was legislated but with a different intention? (Answer in 200 words) Mark 10

Q2. Discuss Section 66A of IT Act, with reference to its alleged violation of Article 19 of the Constitution. (Answer in 200 words) Mark 10

Q3. Recent directives from the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas are perceived by the ‘Nagas’ as a threat to override the exceptional status enjoyed by the State. Discuss in light of Article 371A of the Indian Constitution. (Answer in 200 words) Mark 10

Q4. The Supreme Court of India keeps a check on the arbitrary power of the Parliament in amending the Constitution. Discuss critically. (Answer in 200 words) Mark 10

Q5. Discuss the recommendations of the 13th Finance Commission which have been a departure from the previous commissions for strengthening the local government finances. (Answer in 200 words) Mark 10

Q6. ‘A national Lokpal, however strong it may be, cannot resolve the problems of immorality in public affairs’. Discuss. (Answer in 200 words) Mark 10

Q7. Constitutional mechanisms to resolve the inter-state water disputes have failed to address and solve the problems. Is the failure due to structural or process inadequacy or both? Discuss. (Answer in 200 words) Mark 10

Q8. What is meant by Gujral doctrine? Does it have any relevance today? Discuss. (Answer in 200 words) Mark 10