Daily Current Affairs 10 October 2023 – IAS Current Affairs

Current Affairs 10 October 2023 focuses on the Prelims-Mains perspective. Major events are :

Multimodal Artificial Intelligence (AI)

Source: The Hindu
GS II: Science and Technology

Overview

1. News in Brief
2. Multimodal Artificial Intelligence (AI)

Why in the News?

Next frontier of AI models would look like, all the signs are pointing towards multimodal systems, where users can engage with AI in several ways.

News in Brief

• People absorb ideas and form context by drawing meaning from images, sounds, videos and text around them.
• A chatbot, even though it can write competent poetry and pass the U.S. bar, hardly matches up to this fullness of cognition.
• If AI systems are to be as close a likeness of the human mind as possible, the natural course would have to be multimodal.
• Multimodal AI has the potential to revolutionize various industries by providing more comprehensive insights and enabling machines to interact with the world in ways that mimic human perception.
• It is a rapidly evolving field with ongoing research and development in academia and industry.

Multimodal Artificial Intelligence (AI)

• Multimodal Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a cutting-edge approach in the field of artificial intelligence that focuses on understanding and processing information from multiple sensory modalities or data sources.
• In traditional AI, most systems work with data from a single modality, such as text, images, or audio.
• However, in the real world, information is often presented in multiple forms simultaneously.
• Multimodal AI aims to bridge this gap by enabling machines to comprehend and make decisions based on a combination of data from different modalities.

Key aspects and components of Multimodal AI

• Multiple Modalities: Multimodal AI systems work with various data types, including text, images, videos, audio, and sensor data. These systems can process and analyze information from these diverse sources to gain a more comprehensive understanding of a situation or problem.
• Data Fusion: One of the central challenges in Multimodal AI is fusing information from different modalities effectively. This involves developing algorithms and models that can integrate data from various sources and create a unified representation.
• Deep Learning: Deep learning techniques, such as neural networks, are commonly used in Multimodal AI. These models can handle complex data and hierarchical features, making them suitable for tasks like image captioning (describing an image with text) and sentiment analysis of multimedia content.
• Applications:
  • Multimodal Sentiment Analysis: Assessing emotions or sentiments expressed in multimedia content, like analyzing emotions in a video clip with both audio and visual cues.
  • Multimodal Machine Translation: Translating and generating text in multiple languages while considering both the source text and accompanying images or context.
  • Autonomous Vehicles: Processing data from various sensors like cameras, LiDAR, and GPS to enable self-driving cars to make real-time decisions.
  • Healthcare: Integrating data from medical images, patient records, and sensor data for more accurate diagnoses.
  • Human-Computer Interaction: Developing systems that can understand and respond to natural language, gestures, and visual cues.
• Challenges:
  • Data Integration: Aligning and synchronizing data from different modalities can be complex and resource-intensive.
  • Model Complexity: Building deep learning models for multimodal tasks often requires substantial computational resources.
  • Scalability: Multimodal AI systems must scale to handle large volumes of data from diverse sources.
• Ethical Considerations: Multimodal AI also raises ethical concerns, particularly related to privacy, as it can analyze and interpret a wide range of personal data, including audio and visual information.

Example of multimodal AI

• It is DALL.E developed by OpenAI.
• It is an AI model that generates images from textual descriptions.
• DALL.E is built on another multimodal text-to-image model called CLIP that OpenAI released in 20211.
• Another example is MURAL developed by Google AI for image-text matching and translating one language to another.
• The model uses multitask learning applied to image-text pairs in association with translation pairs in over 100 languages.

India Peru Relation

Source: Financial Express
GS II: International Relation

Overview

1. News in Brief
2. India Peru Relation
3. About Peru
4. Peru Map with bordering areas

Why in the News?

The commerce ministry on Monday said that a special round of negotiations for the India-Peru trade agreement is set to take place from 10-11 October and will include an investment chapter.

News in Brief

• Talks for the India-Peru trade agreement commenced in 2017, with the fifth round concluding in August 2019.
• The sixth round is slated to be held in December 2023 in Lima, Peru.
• The negotiations had come to a pause due to the coronavirus pandemic.
• India and Peru have been experiencing steady growth in bilateral trade.
• Discussions on various chapters including Initial Provisions and General Definitions, Rules of Origin, Trade in Goods, Customs Procedures and Trade Facilitation, Technical Barriers to Trade, and Sanitary and Phytosanitary measures among others.

India Peru Relation

• Trade
  • During FY23, bilateral trade volume had hit $3.12 billion.
  • India exported goods worth $865.91 million to Peru, and imported goods valued at $ 2.25 billion from the country.
  • Key Indian exports to Peru include motor vehicles or cars, cotton yarn and pharmaceuticals.
  • Peru primarily exports gold, copper ores and concentrates.
• Agreements
  • Many bilateral agreements have been signed by the two sides over the years, covering a wide range of areas.
  • Some of the more recent ones include the Customs Cooperation Agreement, Cooperation in New and Renewable Energy, Defence Cooperation Agreement, Establishment of a Joint Commission, Educational Exchange Programme, and MoU on Cooperation in Geology and Mineral Resources.
  • Both countries are currently negotiating a Trade Agreement. 
• Assistance
  • India gifted medical aid of over 9 tonnes of essential medicines, including 900,000 Hydroxychloroquine tablets and protective gear on 14 August 2020.
  • India-Peru Centre for Excellence in Information Technology (IPCEIT) was set up in Lima for academic courses.
• Indian Diaspora
  • The size of the Indian community in Peru is small, numbering around 450, including PIOs.
  • They mainly engaged in business and trade.
  • Indian professionals are providing technical services to companies.
  • There are some Indian nationals with the Missionaries of Charity and other Christian organizations in Lima, Chimbote and Puno.
• Defence relations
  • In October 2013, an agreement was signed on defence cooperation and prevention of proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, emphasizing a firm stance on these critical issues.
• Cultural relations
  • In 1987, India and Peru signed an agreement to promote cultural cooperation between the two nations.
    • The agreement aimed to strengthen the cultural ties and encourage the exchange of knowledge and ideas between the people of India and Peru.
    • As a result of this agreement, various cultural programs, events, and exhibitions were organized to showcase the rich cultural heritage of both countries.
  • Fast forward to June 2007, the Indo-Peruvian Friendship Association (Bharat-Maitreyi Samiti) was established in India.
    • This association was formed with the objective of strengthening the friendship between India and Peru and promoting cultural exchanges between the two nations.
    • The association has been actively involved in organizing cultural events, seminars, and exhibitions to showcase the diverse cultural traditions of both India and Peru.
    • Additionally, the association has contributed towards promoting trade and tourism between the two countries.

About Peru

• Geography
  • Peru is known for its stunning geographical diversity.
  • It spans from the arid plains of the Pacific coast to the soaring peaks of the Andes Mountains and the lush Amazon rainforest in the east.
  • It shares borders with Ecuador, Colombia, Brazil, Bolivia, and Chile.
• Capital
  • The capital city of Peru is Lima, which is also the largest city in the country.
  • Lima is located on the central western coast of Peru and is known for its colonial architecture and vibrant culture.
• Languages
  • The official languages of Peru are Spanish, Quechua, and Aymara.
  • Spanish is the most widely spoken language.
• History
  • Peru has a rich history dating back thousands of years.
  • It was home to several ancient civilizations, including the Inca Empire, which was one of the most powerful empires in pre-Columbian America.
  • The Inca city of Machu Picchu is a famous archaeological site and a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
• Independence
  • Peru gained its independence from Spanish colonial rule on July 28, 1821, under the leadership of General José de San Martín.
• Government
  • Peru is a presidential republic with a multi-party system.
  • It has a democratic government where the President is both the head of state and government.
• Economy
  • Peru has a growing economy that is highly diverse.
  • It is known for its mining and mineral resources, including copper, gold, and silver.
  • Agriculture, manufacturing, and tourism are also significant contributors to the economy.
• Culture
  • Peruvian culture is a blend of indigenous traditions and Spanish colonial influences.
  • It is famous for its vibrant music, dance, and festivals.
  • Traditional Peruvian cuisine, including dishes like ceviche and lomo saltado, is celebrated worldwide.
• Tourism
  • Peru is a popular tourist destination, primarily because of its rich history and stunning natural landscapes.
  • Tourists flock to see Machu Picchu, explore the Amazon rainforest, visit ancient ruins, and enjoy the beautiful beaches along the Pacific coast.
• Biodiversity
  • Peru is one of the world’s most biodiverse countries, with a wide range of ecosystems, including the Amazon rainforest, the Andes Mountains, and the desert coast.
  • It is home to many unique species of flora and fauna.
• Flag
  • The flag of Peru consists of three vertical stripes: red on the left, white in the middle, and red on the right.
  • In the centre of the white stripe, there is Peru’s national coat of arms.
• Cuisine
  • Peruvian cuisine is renowned for its diverse flavours and ingredients.
  • It incorporates influences from various cultures, including Spanish, Inca, African, and Asian.
  • Some popular dishes include ceviche (raw fish marinated in citrus juice), causa (potato casserole), and anticuchos (grilled skewers).
• Festivals
  • Peru hosts numerous festivals throughout the year.
  • One of the most famous is Inti Raymi, the Festival of the Sun, which celebrates the Inca sun god and takes place in Cusco every June.

PLFS Annual Report 2022-2023

Source: PIB
GS I: Indian Society

Overview

1. News in Brief
2. Findings in PLFS Annual Report 2022-2023

Why in the News?

The sixth Annual Report is being brought out by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) on the basis of the Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS).

News in Brief

• Five Annual Reports covering both rural and urban areas giving estimates of all important parameters of employment and unemployment have been released till now.
• These five Annual Reports are brought out on the basis of data collected in PLFS during July 2017- June 2018, July 2018-June 2019, July 2019-June 2020, July 2020 – June 2021 and July 2021-June 2022.
• The sixth Annual Report is brought on the basis of data collected during July 2022-June 2023.
• Objective of PLFS is primarily two fold
  • To estimate the key employment and unemployment indicators (viz. Worker Population Ratio, Labour Force Participation Rate, Unemployment Rate) in the short time interval of three months for the urban areas only in the ‘Current Weekly Status’ (CWS).
  • To estimate employment and unemployment indicators in both ‘Usual Status’ (ps+ss) and CWS in both rural and urban areas annually.

Findings in PLFS Annual Report 2022-2023

• Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR)
  • Rural areas, LFPR increased from 50.7% in 2017-18 to 60.8%.
  • Urban areas it increased from 47.6% to 50.4%.
  • Males in India increased from 75.8% in 2017-18 to 78.5% in 2022-23 and females for the same period from 23.3% to 37.0%.
• Unemployment Rate (UR)
  • Rural areas, UR decreased from 5.3% in 2017-18 to 2.4% in 2022-23
  • Urban areas it decreased from 7.7% to 5.4%.
  • Male in India decreased from 6.1% in 2017-18 to 3.3% in 2022-23.
  • Females was from 5.6% to 2.9%.
• Increasing Trend in Worker Population Ratio (WPR)
  • Rural areas, WPR increased from 48.1% in 2017-18 to 59.4% in 2022-23
  • Urban areas it increased from 43.9% to 47.7%.
  • Male in India increased from 71.2% in 2017-18 to 76.0% in 2022-23.
  • Females was from 22.0% to 35.9%.

The indicators of this survey

• Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR):LFPR is defined as the percentage of persons in labour force (i.e. working or seeking or available for work) in the population.
• Worker Population Ratio (WPR): WPR is defined as the percentage of employed persons in the population.
• Unemployment Rate (UR): UR is defined as the percentage of persons unemployed among the persons in the labour force.
• Current Weekly Status (CWS): The activity status determined on the basis of a reference period of last 7 days preceding the date of survey is known as the current weekly status (CWS) of the person.

Global Maritime India Summit (GMIS)

Source: Free Press Journal
GS II: International Relation

Overview

1. News in Brief
2. Global Maritime India Summit (GMIS)

Why in the News?

Union minister for ports, shipping and waterways Sarbananda Sonowal said on Monday that the Third Global Maritime India Summit (GMIS) 2023 will be held in Mumbai from October 17 to 19 at the MMRDA Grounds, BKC.

News in Brief

• Each session of GMIS-2023 has been designed to deliberate upon pressing global maritime issues.
• A booklet on GMIS 2023 titled “Navigating Excellence: India’s Maritime Sector” was released on the occasion.
• The 3rd edition is expected to be much bigger and more inclusive than the previous two summits organized in 2016 and 2021 in terms of scale and participation.
• The GMIS 2023 is expected to draw participation from more than 70 countries.
• Discussions are planned on
  • Regional cooperation in BIMSTEC countries
  • Chabahar and INSTC (International North–South Transport Corridor), Africa, Indo-Pacific, Europe
  • Newly launched IMEC (India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor).

About Global Maritime India Summit (GMIS)

• The Global Maritime India Summit 2023 (GMIS 2023) is a two-day international summit on the maritime sector.
• It will be held from October 17-19, 2023 at the MMRDA Grounds in BKC, Mumbai.
• The summit is organized by the Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways, Government of India.
• The event aims to bring together key stakeholders and participants from the maritime industry to discuss and showcase the latest developments, innovations, and opportunities in the maritime sector.
• The summit will focus on topics such as maritime trade and logistics, port development, shipbuilding and maritime engineering, offshore oil and gas, coastal and marine tourism, maritime security, and marine environment and conservation.
• Significance
  • The significance of GMIS lies in its ability to provide a platform for stakeholders.
  • They can come together to discuss the challenges and opportunities facing the sector.
  • It also helps to promote India as a maritime hub and to attract investment in the sector.
  • The event is expected to attract a large number of participants from across the globe.
    • This includes government officials, industry leaders, investors, entrepreneurs, and researchers.

How Global Maritime India Summit (GMIS) benefit India?

• The Indian maritime sector plays a pivotal role in the economic growth of India.
• With a vast coastline of more than 7,500 km, India is among the largest maritime countries in the world.
• Being a part of the world’s busiest trade route elevates the economic prominence of India’s maritime sector.
• 95% of India’s foreign trade and 70% of its total trade in terms of value takes place through seaways.
• India is home to 12 major ports, over 200 other ports, 30 shipyards, and a comprehensive hub of diverse maritime service providers.

Commercial Papers Short-term Debt Instrument

Source Commercial Papers Short-term Debt Instrument: Financial Express
GS III: Economy

Overview

1. News in Brief
2. What are Commercial Papers (CPs)?
3. What is a bond?
4. In summary

Why in the News?

Rates on CPs are expected to remain elevated in the near term because the RBI has made it very clear that it will continue to suck out excess liquidity from the banking system

News in Brief

• Rates on commercial papers (CPs) with short-term maturity have risen sharply in the past two months as the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has tightened the leash on liquidity.
• CP rates with a maturity of two-three months have surged nearly 40 basis points since August, hitting non-banking financial companies (NBFCs) the most.
• High CP rates are not good news for companies as it raises the cost of short-term funds for them.
• National Securities Depository Limited (NSDL) data
  • Companies raised Rs 91,764 crore through 381 CP issuances in July while in September.
  • They raised `1.21 trillion in September, indicating a high supply of these papers.

What are Commercial Papers (CPs)?

• Commercial Papers (CPs) are short-term debt instruments issued by corporations, financial institutions, and sometimes even the government to raise funds for a short period, typically ranging from a few days to a year.
• They are an essential part of the money market, providing a way for entities to meet their short-term financing needs.

Commercial Papers as a short-term debt instrument

• Issuer
  • Typically, large, creditworthy corporations with a strong credit rating issue commercial papers.
  • Financial institutions like banks and non-banking financial companies (NBFCs) also use CPs as a means of raising short-term funds.
  • In some cases, the government might issue CPs to manage its short-term cash flow.
• Maturity
  • Commercial Papers have a short maturity period, usually ranging from a few days to a maximum of 365 days (1 year).
  • They are categorized into three types based on their maturity: overnight (1 day), 7-30 days, and 31-365 days.
• Purpose
  • CPs are typically used to cover short-term funding needs, such as managing working capital, financing accounts receivables, or meeting short-term liabilities.
  • They are not intended for long-term financing or capital expenditure.
• Denomination
  • Commercial Papers are issued in denominations typically ranging from INR 5 lakh (or multiples thereof) to meet the needs of institutional investors.
• Discount Instrument
  • CPs are usually issued at a discount to their face value. Investors purchase them at a lower price and receive the face value upon maturity.
  • The difference between the face value and the purchase price represents the interest earned by the investor.
• Secondary Market
  • While CPs are typically held until maturity, they can also be sold in the secondary market before their maturity date.
  • This allows investors to liquidate their investments if needed.
• Credit Rating
  • Investors pay close attention to the creditworthiness of the issuer because CPs are unsecured.
  • Credit rating agencies assess and assign ratings to CP issues based on the issuer’s creditworthiness.
  • Higher-rated CPs usually have lower yields.
• Regulation
  • The issuance of Commercial Papers in India is regulated by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI).
  • Issuers must adhere to RBI guidelines, including credit rating requirements.
• Liquidity
  • CPs offer high liquidity, making them attractive to investors.
  • They can be easily traded in the secondary market before maturity, allowing investors to adjust their portfolios as needed.
• Tax Implications
  • The returns from CPs are subject to taxation as per the investor’s tax bracket.
  • This is important for investors to consider when assessing the overall returns from their CP investments.

In summary

• Commercial Papers are a short-term debt instrument used by entities to raise funds for a brief period.
• They are attractive to investors seeking short-term, low-risk investment options while providing issuers with a means of meeting their immediate financing needs.

Hakki Pikki Tribe

Source: The Hindu
GS I: Indian Society; GS II: Vulnerable Section

Overview

1. News in Brief
2. About Hakki Pikki Tribe

Why in the News?

More than 181 members of the Hakki Pikki tribal community from Karnataka are stuck in violence-hit Sudan, even as the government is making efforts to bring them back.

• The tribe was recently in the news for various reasons.

News in Brief

• On August 2023, 114 tribal people from the Hakki Pikki tribal community in Karnataka got title deeds to the land they had cultivated for about a century.
• The colony for the nomadic tribe is located on the edge of the Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), about 36 km from Bengaluru.
• The Hakki Pikkis are traditionally a semi-nomadic tribe of bird catchers and hunters, who settled in several parts of Karnataka.
• Recent Sudan Conflict
  • Among the stranded Indians are at least 31 people from an Adivasi community Hakki Pikki from Karnataka.

About Hakki Pikki Tribe

• The Hakki Pikki tribe, also spelt as “Hakkipikki” or “Hakki-Pikki,” is a nomadic tribal community in India.
• They are primarily found in the southern state of Karnataka.
• They are considered one of the Scheduled Tribes (ST) recognized by the Indian government.
• The Hakki Pikki people are known for their unique way of life, which includes a semi-nomadic lifestyle, living in temporary huts or tents made of thatch and bamboo, and a dependence on forest resources for their livelihood.

Key characteristics and aspects of the Hakki Pikki tribe

• Nomadic Lifestyle
  • The Hakki Pikki people traditionally follow a semi-nomadic lifestyle.
  • They often move from one place to another within a region, depending on the availability of natural resources, such as forest produce and seasonal agricultural work.
• Occupation
  • Their primary occupations include collecting forest products like honey, fruits, nuts, and other non-timber forest produce.
  • Some also engage in agricultural activities, especially during the planting and harvesting seasons.
  • Hakki in Kannada means ‘bird’ and Pikki means ‘catchers’.
• Language
  • The Hakki Pikki people have their own language, which belongs to the Dravidian language family.
  • However, due to interactions with other communities and the need to communicate in the mainstream language (Kannada in Karnataka).
  • Many Hakki Pikki individuals are bilingual.
• Recognition
  • The Indian government has recognized the Hakki Pikki tribe as a Scheduled Tribe (ST).
  • To provide them with special benefits and affirmative action programs aimed at improving their socio-economic conditions.
• Challenges
  • Like many tribal communities in India, the Hakki Pikki people face various challenges, including issues related to education, healthcare, land rights, and socio-economic development.
  • Efforts have been made by the government and non-governmental organizations to address these challenges and improve their quality of life.
• Culture and Traditions
  • The Hakki Pikki tribe has a rich cultural heritage, with traditional songs, dances, and rituals that are an integral part of their identity.
  • They have their unique customs and social practices.
• Settlements
  • Their settlements are often temporary and made from locally available materials.
  • These temporary huts or tents are easily assembled and disassembled as they move from one place to another.
• Livelihood
  • Their livelihood is closely tied to the forests.
  • They have an intricate knowledge of the local flora and fauna, which they use for sustenance.

It’s important to note that the Hakki Pikki tribe, like many tribal communities, is undergoing a transformation due to modernization and government initiatives aimed at their welfare and development. Efforts are being made to strike a balance between preserving their traditional way of life and providing them with access to education, healthcare, and other essential services.

Prelims

Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences 2023

News: Nobel Prize in Economics for 2023 was awarded to Harvard University professor Claudia Goldin.

• Awarded for research that has advanced the understanding of the gender gap in the labour market.
• Claudia Goldin became the third woman to receive the Nobel Prize in economics
• She provided the first comprehensive account of women’s earnings and labour market participation through the centuries.
• Her research reveals the causes of change, as well as the main sources of the remaining gender gap.

Annual Joint HADR Exercise 2023 (Chakravat 2023)

News: The 2023 edition of the Annual Joint HADR Exercise (AJHE) is being hosted by the Indian Navy at Goa from 09th October 2023 to 11th Oct 2023.

• Initiated in 2015 , this exercise marks a significant step towards enhancing collective response mechanisms to humanitarian crises and natural disasters in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR).
• With climate change intensifying the region’s vulnerability, India’s inclusive vision for the oceans, known as SAGAR, underscores the importance of Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR) operations.
• It is the multi-agency annual exercise initiated in 2015 which involves the participation of all three Indian Armed Forces, paramilitary forces, as well as several other organisations.

Wagh Nakh of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj

News: Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj’s wagh nakh is set to be returned to Maharashtra from a London Museum.

• The wagh nakh is expected to return by the end of the year.
• The return of the wagh nakh is on loan and will be displayed in Maharashtra for three years before returning to the Victoria and Albert Museum.
• The wagh nakh is a medieval claw-like dagger used across the Indian subcontinent.
• The most notable use of the wagh nakh is associated with the killing of Afzal Khan by Shivaji.
• The wagh nakh reached London after being acquired by East India Company officer James Grant Duff.

PUSA-44 Paddy Variety

News: The Chief Minister of Punjab announced the state’s decision to ban the cultivation of the PUSA-44 paddy variety from the next year.

• It was developed in 1993 by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR).
• It gained popularity in Punjab by the end of the 2010s, covering approximately 70 to 80% of the area under paddy cultivation.
• By 2018, the area under PUSA-44 was reduced to 18% but rebounded to 22% the following year.
• PUSA-44 yields nearly 85 to 100 mann (34 to 40 quintals) per acre.
• Other varieties yield an average of 28 to 30 quintals per acre.
• With the Minimum Support Price (MSP) for paddy at Rs 2,205 per quintal, PUSA-44 can increase farmers’ income by Rs 15,000 to 22,000 per acre.
• Reason to the Ban
  • Issue of stubble burning in Punjab.
  • Long-duration variety, taking around 160 days to mature ipact irrigation

International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA)

News: Tanzanian President recently conveyed approval to join flagship Indian programmes like the International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA) and the Global Biofuels Alliance (GBA).

• India launched the International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA) on April 9, 2023.
• With the aim of conserving seven significant large feline species: Tiger, Lion, Leopard, Snow Leopard, Cheetah, Jaguar, and Puma, which inhabit our planet.
• Membership in the alliance is open to 97 countries that encompass the natural habitats of these big cats, along with other interested nations and international organizations.
• This initiative will serve as a platform for member nations to exchange knowledge, share expertise, and provide support for conservation efforts in potential habitats.
• The primary activities of the IBCA will encompass advocacy, forming partnerships, establishing a knowledge e-portal, capacity building, promoting eco-tourism, fostering collaborations among expert groups, and mobilizing financial resources.
• Additionally, the IBCA will collaborate with existing species-specific inter-governmental platforms to bolster conservation endeavors.
• Regarding funding, the initial five years of the IBCA will be financially supported by India through a total grant assistance of $100 million.
• Subsequently, the alliance is anticipated to sustain itself through membership fees, contributions from bilateral and multilateral institutions, and support from the private sector.

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