Antarctic Treaty System

Source: PIB
GS II: Important International institutions, agencies and fora- their structure, mandate

Overview

1. News in Brief
2. About the Antarctic Treaty System
3. Way Forward

Why in the News?

India to facilitate the first-ever focused working group discussions on Antarctic tourism at the 46th Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting (ATCM) in Kochi.

News in Brief

• India is set to play a pivotal role in facilitating the first-ever focused discussions on regulating tourism in Antarctica at the 46th Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting (ATCM).
• The gathering has over 350 participants from nearly 40 nations.
• ATCM and CEP are high-level global annual meetings conducted in accordance with the provisions of the Antarctic Treaty,

About the Antarctic Treaty System

• The Antarctic Treaty System (ATS) is a comprehensive set of agreements that regulate international relations in Antarctica.
• Established to ensure that Antarctica is used exclusively for peaceful purposes and scientific research, the ATS has been a cornerstone of international cooperation since its inception.
• The treaty system plays a crucial role in preserving the unique environmental and scientific value of the continent.

• Antarctic Treaty: Signed on December 1, 1959, and entered into force on June 23, 1961.
• Original Signatories: 12 countries, including Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Chile, France, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, South Africa, the Soviet Union (now Russia), the United Kingdom, and the United States.
• Membership: As of now, 56 countries are parties to the Antarctic Treaty.
• Main Provisions:
  • Peaceful Use: The treaty prohibits military activity on the continent, including the establishment of military bases and weapons testing.
  • Scientific Cooperation: Promotes international scientific cooperation, including the exchange of research plans and personnel.
  • Environmental Protection: Prohibits nuclear explosions and the disposal of radioactive waste.
  • Claims: Puts aside territorial sovereignty claims and prevents new claims from being made while the treaty is in force.

Importance

• Scientific Research: The Antarctic Treaty has enabled significant scientific collaboration. For instance, the McMurdo Dry Valleys Long-Term Ecological Research project is a prominent example of international cooperation in studying the unique ecosystems of Antarctica.
• Environmental Protection: The Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (1991), also known as the Madrid Protocol, designates Antarctica as a “natural reserve, devoted to peace and science.” It enhances protection by banning all activities relating to mineral resources, except for scientific research.

Way Forward

• Strengthening Environmental Measures: As climate change impacts become more pronounced, reinforcing environmental protection measures under the Madrid Protocol will be essential.
• Enhancing Scientific Collaboration: With new technological advancements, there is potential to further enhance international scientific collaboration, ensuring that data and research are widely shared and utilized.
• Monitoring and Compliance: Establishing stronger mechanisms for monitoring compliance and addressing violations can help maintain the integrity of the treaty.
• Inclusive Participation: Encouraging more countries to join the ATS and participate actively in its governance can broaden the base of support and cooperation.

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