Daily Current Affairs 06 January 2025 – IAS Current Affairs

Current Affairs 06 December 2025 focuses on the Prelims-Mains perspective. Major events are :

SBI Research Shows Decline in Poverty

Source: SBI Report
GS III: Indian Economy

Overview

1. News in Brief
2. Key Facts in SBI Research

Why in the News?

SBI research revealed a sharp decline in rural poverty.

News in Brief

• The report attributes the sharp reduction in rural poverty to increased consumption growth among the lowest-income groups, bolstered by robust government support.
• The sharp decline in the rural poverty ratio is on account of higher consumption growth.
• Change in food prices has a significant impact on not just food expenditures, but overall expenditure in general.

Key Facts in SBI Research

• Rural poverty in India has witnessed a significant decline, dropping to 4.86 per cent in FY24, compared to 25.7 per cent in 2011-12.
• It is largely driven by government support initiatives, according to an SBI research report.
• Urban poverty has also decreased sharply, now estimated at 4.09 per cent, down from 13.7 per cent in 2011-12.

Ministry of Statistics & Programme Implementation recently released a Household Consumption Expenditure Survey.

• Figures could undergo minor revisions after the 2021 Census is completed, which may provide updated rural-urban population ratios.
• Most of the high-income states delineate a savings rate greater than National Average (31%).
• Uttar Pradesh and Bihar show low savings rate possibly due to higher outward migration.
• Major Reason
  • Enhanced physical infrastructure is scripting a new story in Rural Mobility.
  • Augmenting farmer’s income
  • DBT transfers
• The new estimated poverty line
  • The new estimated poverty line is Rs 1632 in rural areas and Rs 1944 in urban areas in 2023-24.
  • Earlier Rs 816 in a rural area and Rs 1000 in an urban area.
• Monthly Per Capita Consumption Expenditure
  • Most of states the incremental rural MPCE is less than the incremental urban MPCE.
  • Situation is contrarian in a few states (like Karnataka, AP and Haryana).
• Besides A significant drop (more than 5%) in ‘Cereal & Pulses’ consumption both in rural and urban areas.

Household Consumption Expenditure Survey

Source: PIB
GS II: Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and issues arising out of their design and implementation

Overview

1. News in Brief
2. Key Facts

Why in the News?

Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) released Household Consumption Expenditure Survey: 2023-24.

News in Brief

• HCES is designed to collect information on consumption and expenditure of households on goods and services.
• The survey provides data required to assess
  • Trends in economic well-being
  • Determine and update the basket of consumer goods and services and weights used for the calculation of the Consumer Price Index.
• Data collected in HCES is also used to measure poverty, inequality, and social exclusion.
• The Monthly Per Capita Consumption Expenditure (MPCE) compiled from HCES is the primary indicator used for most analytical purposes.

Key Facts

• The average MPCE in rural and urban India in 2023-24 has been estimated to be Rs. 4,122 and Rs. 6,996 not considering values of items received free of cost.
• Considering items received free of cost through various social welfare programmes, these estimates become Rs. 4,247 and Rs. 7,078 respectively, for rural and urban areas.
• Average MPCE (without imputation) in 2023-24 increases by about 9% in rural areas and 8% in urban areas from the level of 2022-23.
• The urban-rural gap in MPCE has declined to 70% in 2023-24 from 84% in 2011-12 confirming sustained momentum of consumption growth in rural areas.
• Non-food items remain the major contributor to the household’s average monthly expenditure in 2023-24 with about 53% and 60% share in MPCE in rural and urban areas respectively.
• Consumption inequality, both in rural and urban areas has declined from the level of 2022-23.

Consumption in various Classes

• The bottom 5% of India’s rural population, ranked by MPCE, has an average MPCE of Rs. 1,677 while it is Rs. 2,376 for the same category of population in the urban areas.
• The top 5% of India’s rural and urban population, ranked by MPCE, has an average MPCE of Rs. 10,137 and Rs. 20,310, respectively.
• Average MPCE in 2023-24 has increased the most (22%) from the level of 2022-23 for the bottom 5%.
• Average MPCE in 2023-24 for Urban population the growth has been about 19%..

State/UT-wise Variation in MPCE

• MPCE is the highest in Sikkim (Rural: Rs. 9,377 and Urban: Rs. 13,927) and it is the lowest in Chhattisgarh (Rural – Rs. 2,739 and Urban – Rs. 4,927).
• UTs, MPCE is the highest in Chandigarh (Rural: Rs. 8,857 and Urban: Rs. 13,425), whereas it is the lowest in Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu (Rs. 4,311) and Jammu and Kashmir (Rs. 6,327) in rural and urban areas.

India’s Metro Revolution: Third-Largest Network Globally

Source: PIB
GS III: Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Railways etc

Overview

1. News in Brief
2. About the Indian Metro Link
3. Comparing the Global Metro network
4. Indias Project Overseas

Why in the News?

Metro systems have transformed travel in India. Covering over 1,000 km across 11 states and 23 cities.

News in Brief

• Millions of people rely on them for quick, easy and affordable travel.
• With this growth, India has become home to the third-largest metro network in the world.
• Metros are not just a way to get around—they are changing how we live and move in cities.

About the Indian Metro Link

Historical Miles Stone

• 1969, the initiative for a metro system was launched through the Metropolitan Transport Project.
• Esplanade and Bhowanipur 1984 Kolkata: First metro line in India, covering 3.4 km in West Bengal.
• Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC) was established in 1995 with participation from the Government of India and the Government of Delhi.
• Shahdara and Tis Hazari in Delhi 2002: First metro opened by DMRC.
• Namma Metro’s (Bengaluru Metro) 2011: The first segment was built in Karnataka.
• Mumbai Line from Verosva to Ghatkopar 2014: The first metro line starts in Maharashtra. 
• Koyambedu to Nehru Park Chennai 2017: First underground section on the Green Line metro in Tamil Nadu.
• Kochi Metro Phase 1 2020: Thykoodam-Petta stretch commissioned in Kerala.

Different types of metro expansion projects

Metro expansion in India has gone beyond just land-based transport, embracing innovative solutions for the future. From under-river tunnels to driverless trains and water metros, India is setting new standards in modern urban mobility.

• Under-Water Metro
  • In 2024, PM inaugurated India’s first underwater metro tunnel in Kolkata, where the Esplanade-Howrah Maidan section passes beneath the Hooghly River.
  • This remarkable feat showcases India’s engineering capabilities.
• Driverless Metro
  • On December 28, 2020, India launched its first-ever driverless metro service on Delhi Metro’s Magenta Line, setting a new benchmark for automation in public transport.
• Kochi Water Metro
  • Kochi, Kerala, became the first city in India to launch a Water Metro Project, connecting 10 islands around the city with electric hybrid boats.
  • This groundbreaking initiative ensures seamless connectivity, with the first boat launched in December 2021.

Comparing the Global Metro network

• A major milestone in transportation, as metro systems now cover greater distances and serve over 1 crore passengers daily.
• With this growth, India has surpassed Japan in Metro Rail Projects in 2022.
• India ranks third globally in operational Metro network length.
• With the future proposed expansion India become the 2nd largest Metro network in the world.

Indias Project Overseas

• Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC) is currently overseeing the implementation of a metro system in Bangladesh and has offered consultancy services in Jakarta.
• Countries such as Israel, Saudi Arabia (Riyadh), Kenya and El Salvador are also exploring collaborations with DMRC for their metro development projects.

Aero India 2025

Source: PIB
GS II: Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and issues arising out of their design and implementation

Overview

1. News in Brief
2. About Aero India 2025
3. Conclusion

Why in the News?

15th edition of Asia’s biggest aero show – Aero India 2025 – will be held at the Air Force Station, Yelahanka in Bengaluru

News in Brief

• The first three days of the event (February 10th, 11th & 12th) will be business days, while 13th & 14th have been set as public days to allow people to witness the show.
• The event includes both air displays and static exhibitions of a large array of military platforms from the aerospace sector.

About Aero India 2025

Overview

• Aero India has already carved a niche globally as a premier aerospace exhibition with 14 successful editions organised since 1996 in Bengaluru.
• The last edition achieved remarkable milestones as it attracted over seven lakh visitors, dignitaries from 98 countries and 809 exhibitors including businesses, investors, start-ups & MSMEs.
• Over 250 partnerships, including 201 MoUs, major announcements, product launches and technology transfers worth more than Rs 75,000 crore, were witnessed.
• The 2025 edition aims to surpass these achievements and promises to be even bigger in scope and grandeur.

Objectives

• Promotion of Indigenous Industry: Aero India aims to promote the Indian aerospace industry and provide a platform for domestic and international companies to collaborate.
• Showcasing Technological Advancements: It serves as a stage to demonstrate cutting-edge technology and innovations in the field of aviation.
• Strengthening Defence Cooperation: The event fosters defense cooperation and business-to-business engagements between countries.

Key Features

• Static and Aerial Displays: The air show features static displays of aircraft, as well as dynamic aerial displays showcasing the capabilities of various military and civilian aircraft.
• Seminars and Conferences: Aero India hosts seminars and conferences on contemporary aerospace issues, attended by industry experts and government officials.
• Business and Networking Opportunities: The event facilitates interactions between industry stakeholders, including manufacturers, suppliers, and government representatives.

Significance

• Economic Impact: Aero India contributes significantly to the economy by attracting international participants and visitors, thereby boosting local businesses.
• Strategic Importance: It plays a crucial role in India’s defence strategy by enabling the acquisition of advanced technology and strengthening defence ties with other nations.
• Innovation and Development: The event encourages innovation and research in the aerospace sector, contributing to the industry’s growth in India.

Conclusion

• Aero India is a prestigious event that highlights India’s growing capabilities in the aerospace and defence sectors.
• It is a critical platform for fostering international cooperation, showcasing technological prowess, and promoting indigenous industry development.

Guru Gobind Singh

Source: PIB
GS I: Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms, Literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times

Overview

1. News in Brief
2. About Guru Gobind Singh
3. Conclusion

Why in the News?

Prime Minister has paid tributes to Sri Guru Gobind Singh.

News in Brief

• On his Prakash Utsav.
• PM highlights that his thoughts will inspire us to build a society that is progressive, prosperous and compassionate.
• His thoughts inspire us to build a society that is progressive, prosperous and compassionate.

About Guru Gobind Singh

• Guru Gobind Singh, the tenth and final human Guru of Sikhism.
• He was a visionary leader who profoundly shaped the faith and its community.
• Born on December 22, 1666, in Patna, Bihar.
• He was known for his exceptional bravery, spiritual wisdom, and deep commitment to justice.
• His legacy includes the founding of the Khalsa, a significant transformation in Sikh identity and ethos.

Early Life and Education

• Born Gobind Rai, he was the only son of Guru Tegh Bahadur, the ninth Sikh Guru, and Mata Gujri.
• At a young age, he showed signs of spiritual and intellectual prowess.
• His early education included Persian, Sanskrit, martial arts, archery, and horse riding.
• These skills not only prepared him for his future responsibilities as a spiritual leader but also as a defender of the faith.

Martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur

• One of the pivotal moments in Guru Gobind Singh’s life was the martyrdom of his father, Guru Tegh Bahadur.
• In 1675, Guru Tegh Bahadur sacrificed his life to defend the religious freedoms of Kashmiri Pandits against forced conversions by the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb.
• This event deeply influenced Guru Gobind Singh, instilling in him a strong resolve to uphold justice and protect the oppressed.

Formation of the Khalsa

• On April 13, 1699, Guru Gobind Singh initiated the creation of the Khalsa at Anandpur Sahib during the festival of Vaisakhi.
• He called upon Sikhs to come forward and sacrifice themselves for their faith, leading to the birth of the first five members of the Khalsa, known as the Panj Pyare (Five Beloved Ones).
• The Khalsa was founded on the principles of equality, bravery, and devotion to God.
• Members of the Khalsa were given the surname ‘Singh’ (lion).
• They were expected to adhere to a code of conduct and the five Ks:
  1. Kesh (uncut hair)
  2. Kangha (wooden comb)
  3. Kara (iron bracelet)
  4. Kirpan (sword)
  5. Kachera (cotton undergarments)

Military Leadership and Battles

• Guru Gobind Singh’s leadership extended beyond spiritual realms to military prowess.
• He fought several battles against Mughal rulers and hill chieftains who opposed Sikhism.
• His strategic acumen and valor were evident in the battles of Anandpur, Chamkaur, and Muktsar.
• Despite facing overwhelming odds, Guru Gobind Singh and his followers displayed remarkable courage and resilience.

Literary Contributions

• Apart from his military and spiritual leadership, Guru Gobind Singh was a prolific writer and poet.
• He composed several literary works, including the Jaap Sahib, Chaupai Sahib, and Zafarnama (Epistle of Victory).
• His writings reflect his deep spirituality, devotion to justice, and the warrior ethos he espoused.
• The Guru Granth Sahib, the holy scripture of Sikhism, was finalized under his guidance, and he ordained that after him, the Guru Granth Sahib would be the eternal Guru of the Sikhs.

Conclusion

• Guru Gobind Singh remains a towering figure in Sikh history and a symbol of spiritual strength and resilience.
• His life and teachings continue to resonate with Sikhs and non-Sikhs alike, offering lessons in leadership, courage, and the unwavering pursuit of justice.
• As we reflect on his legacy, we are reminded of the enduring power of faith and the importance of standing up for what is right, no matter the cost.

Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV)

Source: Live Mint
GS II: Issues relating to the development and management of Social Sector/Services relating to Health, Education, Human Resources

Overview

1. News in Brief
2. What is Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV)?
3. Conclusion

Why in the News?

An outbreak of Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) in China has raised alarm globally.

News in Brief

• Several countries, including India, are monitoring the virus and its spread closely.
• India has reported its first two cases of human metapneumovirus (HMPV) in Bengaluru, Karnataka.
• Union Health Ministry said it is monitoring the situation through all available surveillance channels.
• The Indian Council of Medical Research (IMCR) will continue to track trends in HMPV circulation throughout the year.

What is Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV)?

• Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a respiratory virus that was first identified in 2001.
• It belongs to the Paramyxoviridae family and is closely related to the Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV).
• HMPV causes respiratory infections in people of all age groups, but it is particularly severe in infants, older adults, and individuals with weakened immune systems.

Clinical Presentation

HMPV can cause a range of respiratory illnesses, from mild upper respiratory tract infections to severe lower respiratory infections such as bronchitis, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia. Common symptoms mirror those of other respiratory infections and include:

• Runny Nose: Often the first sign of infection.
• Sore Throat: Accompanied by hoarseness and discomfort.
• Cough: Persistent and can vary in intensity.
• Fever: Mild to moderate fever is common.
• Wheezing: Especially in young children and the elderly.
• Shortness of Breath: Indicative of more severe infection.
• In severe cases, especially among high-risk groups, HMPV can lead to complications requiring hospitalization.

Transmission and Spread

• HMPV spreads primarily through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes.
• It can also be transmitted via direct contact with contaminated surfaces, followed by touching the face.
• The virus is most active during late winter and early spring in temperate climates but can be present year-round in tropical regions.

Preventive Measures

Given the absence of a specific antiviral treatment or vaccine, prevention focuses on basic hygiene and public health measures:

• Hand Hygiene: Frequent handwashing with soap and water.
• Respiratory Etiquette: Covering the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing.
• Surface Disinfection: Regular cleaning of frequently touched surfaces.
• Avoiding Close Contact: Particularly with individuals known to be infected.
• Staying Home When Sick: To prevent the spread of infection.

Diagnosis and Treatment

Diagnosis of HMPV infection is confirmed through molecular techniques like Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) testing, which detects the viral RNA in respiratory specimens. As there is no specific antiviral treatment for HMPV, management is supportive. This includes:

• Hydration: Ensuring adequate fluid intake.
• Rest: Allowing the body to recover.
• Symptomatic Relief: Using over-the-counter medications to alleviate symptoms.

In severe cases, particularly those involving respiratory distress, hospitalization may be necessary for advanced supportive care.

Conclusion

• Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a significant respiratory pathogen with a broad spectrum of clinical presentations.
• While it shares many characteristics with other respiratory viruses, its potential for severe disease in high-risk groups makes it a critical area of study.
• For UPSC aspirants, understanding HMPV is essential for a comprehensive grasp of public health and epidemiology.
• By focusing on prevention, early diagnosis, and supportive care, we can effectively manage and mitigate the impact of this pervasive virus.

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