Daily Current Affairs 04 July 2026 – IAS Current Affairs

Current Affairs 04 July 2026 focuses on the Prelims-Mains perspective. Major events are :

India–Mali Forum For Promotion Of Exports 2026

Source: PIB
GS II: Bilateral, Regional and Global Groupings and Agreements, involving India and/or affecting India’s interests.

Overview

1. News in Brief
2. India–Mali Bilateral Trade
3. Major Outcomes of the Forum
4. Strategic Importance for India
5. Challenges and Way Forward

Why in the News?

India and Mali held the first-ever India–Mali Forum for Promotion of Exports in Bamako to strengthen bilateral trade, investment, and economic cooperation.

News in Brief

• The first India–Mali Forum for Promotion of Exports was held in Bamako under the theme “Reinforcing Trade and Strategic Partnerships”, jointly organized by the Ministry of Industry and Trade of Mali, the Embassy of India in Bamako, and APEX-Mali.
• The forum brought together Indian business leaders and government officials to promote cooperation in cotton and textiles, mining, renewable energy, pharmaceuticals, agro-industry, and health & education infrastructure.
• Mali announced a dedicated Investment Forum to attract global investors, reflecting both countries’ commitment to strengthening long-term trade, investment, and strategic economic partnership.

India–Mali Bilateral Trade

• Bilateral trade has witnessed steady growth, reflecting stronger economic engagement between India and Mali.
• The expanding trade relationship highlights increasing opportunities for commerce, investment, and industrial cooperation.
• Mali exports raw cotton, finished leather, cashew, gum Arabic, and sesame to India.
• India exports pharmaceuticals, cotton fabrics, two-wheelers, three-wheelers, and bicycles to Mali.

Priority Areas of Cooperation

• Cotton and Textiles: Promote value addition, textile manufacturing, and technology transfer.
• Mining: Expand cooperation in mineral exploration, extraction, and processing.
• Energy: Strengthen collaboration in conventional and clean energy sectors.
• Renewable Energy: Develop solar and other renewable energy projects to improve energy access.
• Agro-processing: Enhance agricultural value chains through food processing and agro-industries.
• Shea Processing: Promote investment in processing and value addition of shea products.
• Pharmaceuticals: Improve access to affordable medicines and facilitate pharmaceutical trade.
• Healthcare: Expand cooperation in hospitals, medical equipment, and capacity building.
• Education Infrastructure: Support skill development, educational institutions, and training programmes.
• Digital Trade Facilitation: Modernize trade procedures through digitalization and paperless documentation.

India’s Duty-Free Tariff Preference (DFTP) Scheme

• What is the DFTP Scheme?
  • A trade preference scheme launched by India to provide duty-free market access to Least Developed Countries (LDCs).
  • Aims to strengthen South-South cooperation by promoting exports from developing countries.
  • Enables African LDCs to access the Indian market on favorable terms, thereby boosting bilateral trade.
• Significance
  • Expands export opportunities for African countries.
  • Strengthens India’s development partnership with Africa.
  • Diversifies India’s sources of imports.
  • Enhances India’s economic diplomacy and engagement with the Global South.

Major Outcomes of the Forum

• Institutionalized a regular India–Mali trade dialogue.
• Facilitated Business-to-Business (B2B), Business-to-Government (B2G), and Government-to-Government (G2G) interactions.
• Promoted investment matchmaking between businesses.
• Mali presented ready-to-invest projects for international investors.
• Agreed to cooperate on the digitalization of the Certificate of Origin system.
• Facilitated faster registration of approved Indian pharmaceutical products.
• Reaffirmed protection of Indian investments and business interests.
• Expanded cooperation in mining, renewable energy, and other priority sectors.

Strategic Importance for India

Economic Importance

• Expands market access for Indian goods and services.
• Strengthens supply chains for essential raw materials such as cotton.
• Provides opportunities for collaboration in the mining sector.

Energy Security

• Creates opportunities for cooperation in renewable energy projects.
• Diversifies India’s international energy partnerships.

Africa Policy

• Strengthens India’s engagement with West Africa.
• Reinforces India’s commitment to the Global South.
• Supports the objectives of the India–Africa Forum Summit and broader India–Africa partnership.

Geopolitical Importance

• Enhances India’s strategic presence in West Africa.
• Deepens diplomatic and economic engagement across the African continent.
• Promotes a balanced and multipolar international partnership through stronger South-South cooperation.

Challenges

• • Political Instability – Frequent military coups and weak governance create uncertainty for long-term cooperation and policy implementation.
  • Security Threats – Extremist activities in the Sahel region endanger businesses, infrastructure, and supply chains, discouraging investment.
  • Weak Infrastructure – Poor transport, energy, and industrial infrastructure increase logistics costs and limit value addition.
  • Trade & Logistics Constraints-  As a landlocked country, Mali depends on neighboring ports, leading to high freight costs and customs delays.
  • Regulatory Barriers – Complex regulations, bureaucratic procedures, and non-harmonized standards hinder ease of doing business.
  • Investment Risks – Political uncertainty, weak legal enforcement, limited finance, and currency fluctuations increase risks for investors.

Way Forward

• Strengthen preferential trade arrangements and improve market access through the Duty-Free Tariff Preference (DFTP) Scheme.
• Institutionalize regular trade dialogue and promote B2B partnerships, investment forums, and trade exhibitions.
• Improve transport, warehousing, digital customs, and maritime connectivity with West Africa to reduce trade costs.
• Encourage joint ventures and investments in textiles, agro-processing, pharmaceuticals, mineral processing, and renewable energy.
• Promote technology transfer, skill development, and leverage India’s Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) for seamless trade.
• Expand cooperation in healthcare, education, agriculture, capacity building, and facilitate MSME participation through ITEC and Lines of Credit.
• Strengthen people-to-people exchanges to build a long-term strategic partnership with Mali and the wider African region.

UPSC Prelims and Mains Practice Question

With reference to India’s Duty-Free Tariff Preference (DFTP) Scheme, consider the following statements:

1. It provides preferential market access to Least Developed Countries (LDCs).
2. It was launched in 2008.
3. The scheme is applicable only to SAARC countries.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

A. 1 only
B. 1 and 2 only
C. 2 and 3 only
D. 1, 2 and 3

Answer: B

Mains Practice Question

Q. “India’s engagement with Africa is increasingly driven by economic diplomacy and South-South cooperation.” Discuss in the context of the inaugural India–Mali Forum for Promotion of Exports. (15 Marks, 250 words)

Tiger Conservation in India: Key Highlights, Challenges & Conservation Strategy

Source: Indian Express
GS III: Biodiversity and Conservation, Environmental Impact Assessment

Overview

1. News in Brief
2. Key Findings of the Assessment
3. Causes of Struggling Tiger Reserves
4. Tiger Reintroduction and Government Strategy
5. Way Forward

Why in the News?

The Union Government has released two new assessments during the 18th anniversary of tiger reintroduction at Sariska Tiger Reserve (Rajasthan) to improve the recovery of tiger reserves with low tiger populations.

News in Brief

• The Centre has identified several tiger reserves with critically low tiger populations despite conservation efforts.
• The focus has shifted from merely increasing tiger numbers to improving habitat quality, prey availability, landscape connectivity, and scientific management.
• The assessment recommends strengthening source populations, reviving sink populations, improving habitats, protecting wildlife corridors, and reintroducing tigers where feasible.

Key Findings of the Assessment

• India has significantly increased its tiger population over the years, reflecting the success of conservation initiatives.
• However, tiger populations remain unevenly distributed, with a few reserves supporting a large share of the country’s tigers.
• Several tiger reserves continue to have very low tiger numbers, limiting breeding opportunities and increasing the risk of local extinction.
• Some reserves currently have no resident tiger population, indicating the need for habitat restoration and scientific interventions.
• Kawal (Telangana), Kamlang (Arunachal Pradesh), and Dampa (Mizoram) are among the tiger reserves where tigers are currently absent.
• The assessment highlights that habitat quality, prey availability, ecological connectivity, and effective protection are more important than merely designating an area as a tiger reserve.
• It recommends strengthening weaker reserves through habitat restoration, prey augmentation, corridor protection, and scientific management to ensure a more balanced distribution of tigers across India.

Causes of Struggling Tiger Reserves

• Poor Habitat Quality
  • Degraded forests reduce suitable breeding and shelter areas for tigers.
  • Deforestation, forest fires, invasive species, grazing, and human disturbances degrade habitats.
  • Poor habitat quality limits the reserve’s ability to sustain viable tiger populations.
• Low Prey Availability
  • Declining populations of deer, wild boar, gaur, and other prey reduce food availability.
  • Habitat degradation, poaching, and livestock competition contribute to prey decline.
  • Lack of prey forces tigers to move outside forests, increasing human-wildlife conflict.
• Habitat Fragmentation
  • Roads, railways, canals, mining, and settlements divide forest landscapes.
  • Fragmentation restricts tiger movement and dispersal.
  • Isolated populations suffer from reduced gene flow and a higher risk of local extinction.
• Human-Wildlife Conflict
  • Dispersing tigers often enter villages and agricultural fields in search of food or territory.
  • This results in livestock depredation, human casualties, and retaliatory killings.
  • Frequent conflicts weaken public support for tiger conservation.
• Poaching
  • Illegal hunting targets both tigers and their prey species.
  • Poaching directly reduces tiger populations and prey availability.
  • It threatens the long-term survival of tiger reserves.

Tiger Reintroduction and Government Strategy

• Involves relocating tigers from healthy populations to reserves where they are locally extinct or critically depleted.
• Supports the Kunming–Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework.
• Contributes to SDG 13 (Climate Action) and SDG 15 (Life on Land).
• Objectives
  • Restore ecological balance.
  • Re-establish viable tiger populations.
  • Improve genetic diversity.
  • Revive abandoned tiger habitats.
  • Strengthen long-term ecosystem resilience.
• Challenges
  • Local community resistance.
  • Poor prey availability.
  • Habitat degradation.
  • Human-tiger conflict.
  • High monitoring and management costs.

Experience from Tiger Reintroductions

Successful Examples

• Sariska Tiger Reserve (Rajasthan)
  • India’s first successful tiger reintroduction programme.
  • Initiated after tigers became locally extinct due to poaching.
  • Tigers were translocated from Ranthambore Tiger Reserve.
  • Demonstrated the success of scientific translocation, habitat restoration, and effective protection.
• Panna Tiger Reserve (Madhya Pradesh)
  • Successfully restored tiger population after local extinction.
  • Considered a model for wildlife recovery.

Challenging Examples

• Mukundra Hills Tiger Reserve (Rajasthan)
  • Faced habitat limitations and management challenges.
• Satkosia Tiger Reserve (Odisha)
  • Encountered community opposition, habitat constraints, and conflict management issues.
• Key Lesson
  • Successful reintroduction requires suitable habitat, scientific planning, and community support.

Government Conservation Strategy

• Shift from reserve-centric to landscape-based conservation.
• Strengthen and protect source populations.
• Restore habitats in low-tiger reserves.
• Improve prey density.
• Reconnect fragmented forests through wildlife corridors.
• Encourage natural dispersal and colonisation.
• Undertake reintroduction only in ecologically suitable reserves.
• Strengthen scientific monitoring and adaptive management for long-term conservation

Importance of Landscape Connectivity

• Ecological connectivity is essential for maintaining healthy tiger populations across landscapes.
• Wildlife corridors enable tigers to move safely between forests, allowing natural dispersal and reducing population isolation.
• Well-connected landscapes help to:
  • Facilitate natural dispersal of young tigers.
  • Maintain genetic diversity through gene flow.
  • Reduce inbreeding among isolated populations.
  • Lower the risk of local extinction.
  • Support healthy metapopulations across multiple reserves.
• Protecting wildlife corridors has become a key component of India’s landscape-based conservation strategy.

Way Forward

• Restore degraded habitats and wildlife corridors.
• Strengthen anti-poaching and scientific monitoring.
• Improve prey populations.
• Promote community participation and compensation.
• Adopt landscape-level conservation with better Centre-State coordination.

UPSC Prelims and Mains Practice Question

Consider the following statements regarding tiger conservation in India:

1. Source populations are tiger reserves with high breeding success that supply dispersing tigers to other landscapes.
2. Sink populations generally have healthy breeding populations and require no habitat restoration.
3. Wildlife corridors facilitate gene flow and reduce the risk of local extinction.
4. The National Tiger Conservation Authority was established through an amendment to the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

A. 1 and 2 only
B. 1, 3 and 4 only
C. 2, 3 and 4 only
D. 1, 2, 3 and 4

Answer: B

Explanation: Statement 2 is incorrect. Sink populations are low-density areas needing habitat restoration and connectivity.

Mains Practice Question

Q. “India has achieved remarkable success in increasing its tiger population, yet the uneven distribution of tigers across reserves poses significant conservation challenges. Discuss the reasons for this imbalance and suggest measures for sustainable tiger conservation.” (15 Marks, 250 Words)

AI in Financial Fraud: Deepfakes, Synthetic Identity, Money Laundering & RBI Initiatives

Source: Indian Express
GS III: Indian Economy, Science and Technology- Developments and their Applications and Effects in Everyday Life, Money-Laundering and its prevention

Overview

1. News in Brief
2. AI and the Evolving Nature of Financial Fraud
3. Importance of AI-Driven Transaction Monitoring
4. Institutional and Regulatory Response
5. The Need for a Comprehensive Digital Security Framework

Why in the News?

An opinion article highlights how Artificial Intelligence (AI) has transformed financial fraud, making traditional fraud detection methods inadequate.

News in Brief

• India’s digital economy has expanded rapidly through UPI, mobile banking, and fintech, but this growth has also led to a rise in AI-powered financial fraud such as deepfake voice calls, synthetic identities, AI-enabled phishing, social engineering, and automated money laundering through mule accounts.
• Highlights the need for AI-driven transaction monitoring, replacing traditional rule-based systems with intelligent AI models capable of detecting suspicious behavioural patterns and fraudulent transactions in real time.
• Emphasizes strengthening Anti-Money Laundering (AML) systems and ensuring the early detection of mule accounts to safeguard India’s rapidly expanding digital payment ecosystem from evolving cyber threats.

AI and the Evolving Nature of Financial Fraud

• Artificial Intelligence (AI) has transformed the financial sector by improving customer service, automating banking operations, enhancing credit assessment, and strengthening fraud detection.
• However, the same technology is increasingly being exploited by cybercriminals to conduct sophisticated financial crimes, making traditional fraud detection methods less effective.
• As India’s digital payments ecosystem expands rapidly through UPI, mobile banking, and fintech platforms, financial institutions face growing challenges in protecting customers and maintaining trust in digital transactions.

Emerging Forms of AI-Enabled Financial Crime

•  Deepfake technology
  • Allows criminals to create realistic voice recordings or videos that imitate family members, business executives, or bank officials to manipulate victims into transferring money.
  • Synthetic identities
    • Created by combining genuine and fabricated personal information, enable fraudsters to bypass KYC procedures and open fraudulent bank accounts.
  • AI-powered phishing
    • Machine learning is used to generate highly personalized emails, messages, and fake websites that closely resemble legitimate communication.
  • AI also strengthens social engineering attacks, allowing criminals to exploit human behaviour more effectively and deceive victims into sharing sensitive financial information.
  • Mule Accounts and Money Laundering
    • One of the most serious challenges in AI-enabled financial crime is the increasing use of mule accounts.
    • Bank accounts used to receive, transfer, or conceal money obtained through illegal activities.
    • Criminals often recruit unsuspecting individuals or create fake identities to operate such accounts.
    • Mule accounts play a central role in money laundering, which involves disguising illegally obtained money as legitimate income through multiple financial transactions.
    • AI helps criminals automate fund transfers across multiple accounts, making the money trail increasingly difficult for investigators to trace. This poses significant challenges to financial institutions and regulatory agencies responsible for preventing financial crimes.

Importance of AI-Driven Transaction Monitoring

• Conventional fraud detection systems mainly depend on predefined rules and thresholds to identify suspicious transactions.
• While effective against simple fraud, these systems struggle to detect evolving AI-driven threats and often generate large numbers of false alerts.
• AI-driven transaction monitoring provides a more advanced approach by analysing customer behaviour, transaction history, spending patterns, device information, geographical location, and relationships among multiple accounts.
• Machine learning models continuously learn from new fraud patterns and can identify anomalies in real time.
• This enables financial institutions to detect suspicious activities more accurately, reduce false-positive alerts, and respond quickly before financial losses occur.

Strengthening Anti-Money Laundering Systems

• AI can significantly improve AML by identifying suspicious transaction networks, detecting mule account operations, monitoring unusual fund movements, and generating more accurate Suspicious Transaction Reports (STRs).
• AI-based AML solutions also improve risk assessment by identifying hidden links between accounts and predicting emerging fraud trends.
• This strengthens regulatory compliance while reducing the operational burden on banks and financial institutions.

Institutional and Regulatory Response

• The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has strengthened cybersecurity guidelines, digital payment security standards, and KYC requirements.
• The National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) is developing AI-based tools such as MuleHunter.ai to identify mule accounts within the UPI ecosystem.
• The Financial Intelligence Unit-India (FIU-IND) receives and analyses Suspicious Transaction Reports and coordinates with enforcement agencies to investigate financial crimes.
• The Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA), 2002 provides the legal framework for preventing money laundering and prosecuting offenders involved in financial crimes.

The Need for a Comprehensive Digital Security Framework

• As AI continues to evolve, financial security must shift from reactive to proactive approaches.
• Banks should integrate AI-driven fraud analytics into their transaction monitoring systems while strengthening AML and Know Your Customer (KYC) processes through biometric verification and behavioural analysis.
• Greater coordination among RBI, NPCI, FIU-IND, CERT-In, banks, fintech companies, and law enforcement agencies is essential for rapid information sharing and coordinated action against cybercriminals.
• Improving public awareness about AI-enabled fraud, including deepfakes, phishing attacks, and digital payment scams is equally important.
• Continuous investment in cybersecurity infrastructure, skilled professionals, ethical AI governance, and updated regulatory frameworks will be crucial for safeguarding India’s digital financial ecosystem against emerging technological threats.

UPSC Prelims and Mains Practice Question

Consider the following statements:

1. Deepfake technology can be used for voice cloning and financial scams.
2. Synthetic identities combine real and fabricated personal information.
3. Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002 is administered by the Reserve Bank of India.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

A. 1 and 2 only
B. 2 only
C. 1 and 3 only
D. 1, 2 and 3

Answer: A

Mains Practice Question

Q. “Artificial Intelligence has become both a tool for financial innovation and a weapon for financial crime.” Discuss the challenges posed by AI-enabled financial fraud in India and suggest measures to strengthen the country’s digital financial security framework. (10 Marks, 150 Words)

Chandigarh Chair: India’s Modern Heritage And Cultural Conservation

Source: Indian Express
GS I: Indian Culture from ancient to modern times.

Overview

1. News in Brief
2. What is the Chandigarh Chair?
3. Features of the Chandigarh Chair
4. Architectural Significance
5. Cultural Heritage Perspective

Why in the News?

The iconic Chandigarh Chair, originally designed for public buildings in Chandigarh, has once again drawn attention after reports highlighted its journey from neglected government furniture to one of the world’s most valuable collectible design objects.

News in Brief

• The Chandigarh Chair, designed by Pierre Jeanneret for Chandigarh’s public institutions in the 1950s, has gained global recognition as an iconic example of modernist design and architectural heritage.
• Once treated as ordinary government furniture, many original pieces were auctioned or discarded before becoming highly valued collectibles in international museums and design markets.
• The renewed focus on the Chandigarh Chair has highlighted the need to conserve modern movable heritage, prompting greater emphasis on protecting Chandigarh’s architectural legacy and associated design objects.

What is the Chandigarh Chair?

• The Chandigarh Chair is a modernist wooden chair designed in the early 1950s as part of the planning and construction of Chandigarh, India’s first planned city after Independence.
• It was not merely a piece of furniture but an integral component of the city’s architectural vision, reflecting the principles of functionality, simplicity, and harmony between buildings and interiors.
• The chair was designed by Pierre Jeanneret, the Swiss architect and cousin of Le Corbusier, who supervised Chandigarh’s architectural development.
• Thousands of these chairs were produced for use in government offices, educational institutions, hospitals, courts, libraries, and other public buildings across the city.
• Unlike luxury furniture, the Chandigarh Chair was intended to be affordable, durable, and functional, while complementing the modernist architecture of Chandigarh.
• Manufactured using locally available teakwood and woven cane, it combined European modernist aesthetics with Indian craftsmanship and climatic suitability.
• Today, the Chandigarh Chair is recognized internationally as one of the most iconic examples of mid-century modern design and an important example of India’s modern architectural heritage.

Who was Pierre Jeanneret? 

• Swiss architect and furniture designer (1896–1967).
• Cousin and close collaborator of Le Corbusier.
• Served as Chief Architect of Chandigarh (1951–1965).
• Supervised the implementation of Chandigarh’s master plan.
• Designed schools, colleges, public buildings, and residential projects.
• Created furniture specifically for Chandigarh’s public institutions.
• Worked closely with Indian architects and local craftsmen.
• Adapted modernist architectural principles to Indian climatic and cultural conditions.
• His work helped transform Chandigarh into one of the world’s finest examples of modern urban planning.

Role of Le Corbusier in Chandigarh 

• Swiss-French architect regarded as a pioneer of modern architecture.
• Invited to prepare Chandigarh’s master plan after India’s Independence.
• Conceived Chandigarh as a symbol of modern India and planned urban development.
• Introduced the sector-based planning model.
• Emphasized:
  • Functional planning
  • Geometric layouts
  • Open green spaces
  • Efficient road hierarchy
  • Climate-responsive architecture
  • Designed the Capitol Complex, including the High Court, Secretariat, and Legislative Assembly.
• The city’s iconic Capitol Complex, comprising the High Court, Secretariat, and Legislative Assembly, is regarded as one of the greatest achievements of modern architecture.
• In 2016, the Capitol Complex was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site under “The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier.”

Features of the Chandigarh Chair

• The chair represents the philosophy of “design for everyday public life.”
• Key Features
  • Minimalist and elegant appearance.
  • Strong but lightweight construction.
  • Comfortable ergonomic design.
  • Manufactured by local artisans.
  • Durable teakwood frame.
  • Handwoven cane seat and backrest.
  • Easy to repair and maintain.
  • Designed for mass production.
  • Suitable for India’s hot climate.
  • Harmonized with Chandigarh’s modern public buildings.
• Its simplicity demonstrated that utility and aesthetics could coexist.

Architectural Significance

• The Chandigarh Chair is significant because it embodies the ideals of Modernist Architecture, where every element of a building—including its furniture—forms part of a unified design philosophy.
• Form Follows Function – The chair prioritizes utility and comfort over ornamentation.
• Integration with Architecture – Rather than treating furniture separately, it was designed as part of Chandigarh’s architectural identity.
• Minimalism – Clean lines and simple geometry reflect modernist ideals.
• Climate Responsiveness – Materials and design were adapted to Indian weather conditions.
• Local Craftsmanship – European design principles were executed using Indian artisans and locally available materials.
• Cultural Heritage

International Recognition

• Today, original Chandigarh furniture is displayed in prestigious museums and galleries across the world.
• Major Collections
  • Victoria and Albert Museum, London
  • Museum of Modern Art (MoMA), New York
  • Centre Pompidou, Paris
  • Private collections in Europe, America, and Japan
• The Chandigarh Chair is now considered an icon of mid-century modern design alongside globally celebrated furniture classics.

Government Response

• Recognizing the heritage value of Chandigarh’s original furniture, the Chandigarh Administration initiated several conservation measures.
• Major Steps
  • Declared original public furniture as heritage assets.
  • Restricted unauthorized disposal and sale.
  • Prepared inventories and documentation.
  • Encouraged restoration instead of replacement.
  • Increased monitoring of government buildings.
  • Promoted awareness regarding modern architectural heritage.
  • Strengthened protection against illegal exports.
• These measures aim to preserve both Chandigarh’s buildings and the furniture that forms an integral part of its architectural identity.

Cultural Heritage Perspective

• The Chandigarh Chair represents much more than furniture.
• It symbolizes:
  • India’s post-Independence nation-building.
  • Modern architectural innovation.
  • Industrial and furniture design history.
  • Integration of architecture with everyday life.
  • Conservation of movable cultural heritage.
  • Collaboration between global modernism and Indian craftsmanship.
  • Recognition that heritage includes both monuments and designed public objects.
• The example broadens the understanding of heritage conservation beyond temples, forts, and monuments to include objects that shaped everyday public life.

UPSC Prelims and Mains Practice Question

Consider the following statements regarding Chandigarh’s architectural heritage:

1. Pierre Jeanneret served as the Chief Architect of Chandigarh after Le Corbusier’s departure.
2. Chandigarh’s public furniture was designed to complement the city’s modernist architectural philosophy.
3. The Chandigarh Chair was originally manufactured using imported European timber.
4. The Capitol Complex of Chandigarh is recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

A. 1 and 3 only
B. 2 and 4 only
C. 1, 2 and 4 only
D. 1, 2, 3 and 4

Answer: C

Mains Practice Question

Q. “The recent recognition of the Chandigarh Chair highlights that cultural heritage extends beyond monuments to include objects of design and everyday public life.” Discuss in the context of India’s modern architectural heritage. (10 Marks, 150 Words)

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