Daily Current Affairs 28 August 2026 – IAS Current Affairs

Current Affairs 28 August 2026 focuses on the Prelims-Mains perspective. Major events are :

Gender Sensitivity In Judiciary: Law, Society and Gender Justice

Source: Indian Express
Essay, GS I: Society-Women, Social Empowerment, GS II: Polity and Governance- Judiciary, GS IV: Ethics

Why in the News?

Recently the Supreme Court has released new gender-sensitivity guidelines for trial court judges, aimed at promoting gender-sensitive language, survivor-centric practices and greater compassion in judicial proceedings.

News in Brief

• The guidelines were prepared by an expert committee headed by former Supreme Court judge Justice Aniruddha Bose.
• The guidelines recommend replacing gendered expressions such as “helpless woman” and “female” with terms such as “survivor” and “complainant”.
• They seek to eliminate victim-blaming, encourage witness/victim protection, pre-trial counselling and in-camera trials.
• Cases such as Shah Bano, Bhanwari Devi, Mathura, Lata Singh, Shakti Vahini and Tarun Tejpal illustrate the interaction between law, social norms and women’s autonomy.

Key Highlights

Law and Society

• Law does not function separately from society.
• Social structures such as patriarchy, caste, class, religion and family can influence how legal rights are understood and experienced.
• Therefore, legal reform alone may not be enough to address gender inequality if discriminatory social attitudes continue.
• Law can serve as an instrument of social change, and needs to be accompanied by changes in social attitudes and institutions.

Gender-sensitive Judicial Language

• The new guidelines seek to make judicial proceedings more sensitive to the experiences of women and survivors.
• They encourage gender-sensitive language, survivor-centric procedures and an approach that avoids victim-blaming.
• They also emphasise dignity, privacy and bodily autonomy.
• The issue goes beyond the choice of words, as judicial language can shape how concepts such as consent, credibility, agency and victimhood are understood.

Law as a Social Experience

• The Shah Bano case illustrates the intersection of law, religion, politics and women’s rights.
• In Shah Bano v. Mohd. Ahmed Khan (1985), the Supreme Court recognised her right to seek maintenance under the CrPC.
• The judgment led to political debate and was followed by the enactment of the Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act, 1986.
• Later, in Danial Latifi v. Union of India (2001), the Supreme Court interpreted the law to ensure that a divorced Muslim woman receives a fair and reasonable provision for her future.

Intersectionality

• Women’s experiences of the legal system are shaped not only by gender but also by factors such as caste, class, religion and social status.
• The Bhanwari Devi case demonstrates how these factors can overlap.
• Bhanwari Devi faced sexual violence after attempting to prevent a child marriage in Rajasthan, bringing attention to the role of caste and gender discrimination in access to justice.
• The case also contributed to the broader developments that led to the Vishaka Guidelines on workplace sexual harassment.

Patriarchal Assumptions and the “Perfect Victim”

• Traditional ideas of femininity often associate women with modesty, chastity, honour, sexual purity and obedience.
• Such expectations can influence perceptions of a survivor’s credibility and behaviour.
• The Mathura rape case raised concerns about assumptions surrounding consent and resistance, while the Bhanwari Devi case highlighted the impact of caste and gender prejudices.
• The Tarun Tejpal case further underlined that survivors may respond differently to trauma and should not be judged against a fixed image of an “ideal victim”.
• Courts therefore need to assess evidence and circumstances rather than rely on gender stereotypes.

Social Morality vs Constitutional Morality

• Social morality is shaped by family expectations, community practices, cultural traditions and established gender roles.
• Constitutional morality, on the other hand, is rooted in equality, dignity, liberty, autonomy and fundamental rights.
• The two may come into conflict when social practices restrict individual freedoms.
• In Lata Singh v. State of Uttar Pradesh (2006), the Supreme Court affirmed an adult woman’s freedom to choose her marriage partner.
• In Shakti Vahini v. Union of India (2018), it directed measures against honour crimes and interference with the choice of consenting adults to marry.

Women’s Reproductive Autonomy

• Women’s empowerment also involves the ability to make independent decisions about reproduction and contraception.
• The continuing concentration of family-planning responsibilities on women raises questions about reproductive agency and equality within households.
• Reproductive autonomy is therefore closely linked to bodily autonomy, dignity and substantive equality.

Conclusion

Gender justice requires more than legal provisions; it also requires changes in the social attitudes and institutional practices that shape their implementation.

Gender-sensitive judicial practices, constitutional morality and recognition of women’s dignity and autonomy can help ensure that the law becomes a tool for achieving substantive equality rather than reinforcing existing social stereotypes.

UPSC Prelims and Mains Practice Question

With reference to gender sensitivity in the judicial system, consider the following statements:

1. Article 15(3) of the Constitution permits the State to make special provisions for women and children.
2. The Vishaka judgment laid down guidelines to address sexual harassment of women at the workplace.
3. The Supreme Court in Shakti Vahini v. Union of India recognised that community or family bodies can restrict the marriage choices of consenting adults in the interest of social morality.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

A. 1 and 2 only
B. 2 and 3 only
C. 1 and 3 only
D. 1, 2 and 3

Answer: A. 1 and 2 only

Mains Practice Question

Q. Gender-sensitive judicial language  is necessary but not sufficient for achieving gender justice. Examine the role of law, judiciary, and social institutions in dismantling patriarchal assumptions about women.(150 words)

PMJDY: 12 Years Of Financial Inclusion

Source: PIB
GS III: Indian Economy, Inclusive Growth

Why in the News?

The Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY) completed 12 years since its launch in 2014.

News in Brief

• The scheme provides access to banking, DBT, credit, insurance, pension and digital payments.
• As of 19 August 2026, PMJDY has 59.09 crore accounts, including 32.92 crore accounts of female beneficiaries.
• Deposits in PMJDY accounts have also increased substantially.
• 32.92 crore female beneficiaries have PMJDY accounts.

Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana

• The PM Jan Dhan Yojana (PM-JDY), India’s national mission for financial inclusion, was launched in 2014.
• Evolution of PMJDY
  • 2014- PMJDY launched as India’s national mission for financial inclusion.
    • Initially focused on providing a bank account to “every household.”
  • 2018- Focus expanded to “every unbanked adult”, widening the scope of financial inclusion.
    • The scheme provides basic banking services along with access to credit, remittances, insurance and pensions.
• Eligibility and Account Opening
  • PMJDY accounts can be opened by Indian citizens, with no upper age limit.
  • The scheme provides a basic savings bank account for an unbanked person and does not require the account holder to maintain any minimum balance.
  • A PMJDY account can be opened at a bank branch or through a Business Correspondent (BC)/Bank Mitra outlet, which acts as an extended arm of the bank branch.
  • The applicant has to submit the account-opening form along with the required KYC documents.
  • After verification, the bank activates the account. Joint accounts are also permitted.
• Documents required
  • The documents generally required include Aadhaar, government-issued identity proof such as voter ID, PAN card or ration card, permanent address proof, passport-size photograph and a duly filled and signed PMJDY account-opening form.
  • Other documents notified by the Government may also be accepted.
• Interest on savings
  • PMJDY accounts earn interest at the rate applicable to savings bank accounts.
• RuPay debit card and accident insurance
  • PMJDY account holders are provided a RuPay debit card, which is a domestic debit card accepted at ATMs and most PoS machines.
  • The account also provides accident insurance cover of ₹1 lakh, enhanced to ₹2 lakh for new PMJDY accounts opened after August 2018.
  • The beneficiary is not charged any premium; the premium is paid by the National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI).
• Overdraft facility
  • An overdraft facility of up to ₹10,000 is available to one PMJDY account holder per household.
  • It can be availed after six months of satisfactory operation of the account, subject to fulfilling the prescribed eligibility conditions.
• Linkage with social security schemes
  • PMJDY accounts also serve as a gateway to several social-security and financial schemes.
  • They are eligible for Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT), Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana (PM-JJBY), Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana (PM-SBY), Atal Pension Yojana (APY) and the MUDRA scheme.

Impact of PMJDY

Accounts on the Rise

• PMJDY has seen a substantial expansion in account coverage since its launch.
• The number of accounts has increased nearly four-fold over the period, with a large share located in rural and semi-urban areas.
• This shows that the scheme has been able to extend formal banking services to people who were previously outside the banking system.

Greater Participation of Women

• Women constitute a significant share of PMJDY beneficiaries, and their participation has increased steadily over the years.
• This highlights the scheme’s role in promoting gender equality in financial access.
• This has helped improve women’s access to formal financial services and supports greater financial independence and economic participation.

Rising Deposits

• Deposits in PMJDY accounts have grown sharply since the scheme’s launch.
• The increase reflects growing saving habit among low-income households, increasing trust in formal banking, and deeper participation in the financial system.

Wider Use of RuPay Cards

• The distribution of RuPay debit cards has also expanded considerably among PMJDY account holders.
• This has strengthened access to digital banking and electronic transactions, helping integrate previously underserved sections into the digital financial ecosystem.

Significance for Indian Economy

• Financial inclusion is essential for broad-based economic growth and poverty reduction.
• Access to formal financial services helps people manage risks, invest in their future and build livelihoods.
• It also supports greater economic participation and reduces income inequalities.
• Improved the delivery of government benefits by enabling direct and more efficient transfer of welfare payments through DBT.
• For women, access to finance strengthens financial independence and economic empowerment
• Builds greater financial confidence among vulnerable groups by connecting them with banking, credit, insurance and pension services.

Way Forward and Conclusion

PMJDY has helped move financial inclusion beyond simply opening bank accounts by connecting vulnerable sections with savings, digital payments, DBT, credit, insurance and pensions.

The next step should be to ensure that these accounts are actively used and translate into greater financial security and economic empowerment.

UPSC Prelims and Mains Practice Question

Consider the following statements regarding the Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY):

1. PMJDY was launched in 2014 as India’s national mission for financial inclusion.
2. PMJDY accounts require beneficiaries to maintain a minimum balance.
3. PMJDY accounts are eligible for Direct Benefit Transfer, insurance and pension schemes.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

A. 1 and 2 only
B. 1 and 3 only
C. 2 and 3 only
D. 1, 2 and 3

Answer: B. 1 and 3 only

Mains Practice Question

Q. The success of financial inclusion cannot be measured merely by the number of bank accounts opened. Discuss the achievements and challenges of financial inclusion in India and suggest measures to ensure meaningful and sustainable financial inclusion. (250 words)

BRICS 2026 Under India’s Chairship

Source: Indian Express
GS II: Effect of policies and politics of developed and developing countries on India’s interests; Indian diaspora; Important International institutions, agencies and fora—their structure and mandate.

Why in the News?

The 2026 BRICS Summit will be held in New Delhi under India’s chairship.

News in Brief

• The grouping has expanded significantly and is increasingly positioned as a platform for Global South cooperation, economic coordination and reform of global governance.
• India’s 2026 BRICS agenda focuses on Resilience, Innovation, Cooperation and Sustainability
• India-China cooperation within BRICS has implications for regional and global economic stability.

BRICS – Origin, Nature and Its Three Pillars

• Original Members are Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa.
• Nature- BRICS is not a military alliance or treaty-based organization.
• Three Pillars- It is a platform for cooperation in,
  • Political and security affairs
  • Economic and financial matters
  • Cultural and people-to-people exchanges

These three pillars continue in the expanded BRICS framework.

Expansion of BRICS

• Current Members — 11
  • BRICS+ has expanded  to include11 member countries- Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa, Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, the UAE, Indonesia and Saudi Arabia.
• Partner Countries — 10
  • The grouping also has 10 partner countries- Belarus, Bolivia, Cuba, Kazakhstan, Malaysia, Nigeria, Thailand, Uganda, Uzbekistan and Vietnam.

Significance of the expansion

The expansion has given BRICS a much wider geographical and economic reach. Its significance can be seen in the following ways,

• Stronger Global South representation- More developing and emerging economies now have a platform to raise issues of common concern.
• Greater economic weight- The expanded grouping represents a substantial share of the world’s population, resources and economic activity.
• A stronger collective voice- Members can coordinate positions on issues such as global finance, trade, development and climate change.
• Wider economic partnerships– The larger membership creates opportunities for greater trade, investment and financial cooperation.
• Push for a more multipolar order– BRICS can provide greater space for emerging economies in global decision-making.
• South-South cooperation– Expansion allows countries with different development experiences to share technology, finance and policy practices.

Why BRICS Matters for India

Voice of the Global South

• Platform for Developing Nations- BRICS lets India speak for the Global South.
• Key Issues- India highlights vital needs like development finance, climate funding, food security, and energy security.
• Technology and Reform-The group helps push for fair access to technology and the overhaul of outdated global rules.

Promoting a Multipolar World

• Balanced Power- India wants a multipolar world where no single country rules global politics.
• Strategic Autonomy- BRICS helps India build strong ties with multiple major powers at once.
• Shaping the Future- This cooperation allows India to help guide new global policies and relationships.

Reform of Global Governance

• UN and Financial System- India uses BRICS to demand changes in the UN Security Council, IMF, World Bank, and WTO.
• Fair Representation- Current global institutions often favor older western powers. BRICS pushes for a fairer voice for emerging economies.
• Financial Architecture- Reform efforts aim to make international money lending and trade rules fairer for developing states.

Economic Cooperation

• Trade and Investment- Member nations boost mutual trade and cross-border investments.
• Local Currency Trade- BRICS explores trading in local currencies to reduce reliance on the US dollar and protect against currency shocks.
• Supply Chains and Infrastructure- Cooperation builds stronger supply chains and funds critical infrastructure projects.

The New Development Bank (NDB)

• Alternative Funding- The New Development Bank(NDB) was established by BRICS to finance infrastructure and sustainable development projects in member and developing countries.
  • The NDB acts as an alternative to traditional Western-led institutions like the World Bank and IMF.
• Financial Independence- It gives developing nations more control over their own development loans.

India – China Dimension

Areas of Convergence

• Global South- Both nations advocate for developing countries in international forums.
• Climate Change- They share positions on green transitions and common but differentiated responsibilities.
• Multilateral Reform- They push to reform global economic governance and institutions.
• Trade- Large mutual markets offer economic benefits despite imbalances.

Both countries have significant economic weight and large markets, and their cooperation can benefit not only bilateral relations but also the wider Global South.

Limits to Cooperation

BRICS functions as a diplomatic platform where India and China can cooperate on shared global interests despite unresolved bilateral strategic differences.

• Border Dispute- The unresolved Line of Actual Control (LAC) remains a primary flashpoint.
• Strategic Competition- China expands its presence in the Indian Ocean and builds the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), raising security concerns for India.
• Global Influence- Both compete for leadership and leverage within the Global South.
• World Order- India and China hold different views on the United States and the existing international framework.

India’s BRICS 2026

India’s chairship places emphasis on four broad priorities,

• R — Resilience
  • Building resilient supply chains, economies and institutions.
• I — Innovation
  • Technology, digital transformation, emerging technologies and entrepreneurship.
• C — Cooperation
  • Strengthening multilateral and South-South cooperation.
• S — Sustainability
  • Climate action, sustainable development and resource security.

India has also promoted cooperation in areas such as digital and ICT infrastructure, cybersecurity, digital skills and innovation under its BRICS chairship.

Challenges before BRICS

• The members do not always share the same political or strategic interests, which can make it difficult to build a common position on major international issues.
• India–China border tensions and strategic competition remain a significant constraint on deeper cooperation, while the Russia–West conflict has added another layer of geopolitical complexity.
• The expansion of the grouping has also made consensus-building and coordination more challenging.
• Moreover, BRICS brings together countries with very different economic structures, levels of development, political systems and trade priorities.
• Unlike the European Union, BRICS does not have a strong, binding institutional framework, which limits its capacity for coordinated action.
• There is also a risk that BRICS could increasingly be viewed as an anti-Western grouping rather than a platform for constructive Global South cooperation, which could weaken its wider credibility and influence.

Way Forward and Conclusion

India should strengthen Global South cooperation, institutional reforms, development finance, technology and climate partnerships while maintaining dialogue with China.

BRICS should remain an inclusive and constructive platform, not an anti-Western bloc. Its success will depend on converting its diverse membership into meaningful cooperation and a stronger voice for developing countries.

UPSC Prelims and Mains Practice Question

Consider the following statements regarding BRICS:

1. BRICS originated as an economic grouping of Brazil, Russia, India and China.
2. South Africa became a member of BRICS in 2010.
3. The New Development Bank was established under the BRICS framework.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

A) 1 and 2 only

B) 2 and 3 only

C) 1 and 3 only

D) 1, 2 and 3

Answer: 2 and 3 only.

Mains Practice Question

Q. BRICS is emerging as a platform for Global South cooperation and a more multipolar international order. Examine its significance for India. (250 Words)

Why Are Flash Floods Common In Nepal?

Source: Business Standard
GS I: Geography- Geographical features, Earthquakes, Landslides, Glaciers and Natural Hazards, GS II: International Relations- India-Nepal Transboundary River Issues, GS III: Disaster Management, Climate Change

Why in the News?

A devastating flash flood struck Nepal’s Rasuwa district near the Nepal–Tibet border on 26 August 2026, after a sudden release of water, ice and rock debris affected the Lhende–Bhote Koshi river system.

News in Brief

• The incident disrupted connectivity along the Rasuwagadhi–Kerung border corridor, an important Nepal–China trade route.
• Rescue and relief operations faced difficulties because of damaged transport links and challenging mountainous terrain.
• The event has renewed attention on the need for better disaster preparedness and resilient infrastructure in Nepal’s high-risk mountain regions.
• The incident highlights Nepal’s exceptional vulnerability to earthquakes, landslides, flash floods, GLOFs and climate-induced hazards.

Causes of the Deadly Nepal Flood

Confirmed Facts

• According to the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), an enormous chunk of a glacier sheared off and collapsed near the Nepal-Tibet border.
• The event generated a seismic signal initially misread as a 4.4-magnitude earthquake, but further analysis proved no tectonic quake occurred; the sheer force of the falling ice and rock registered locally as a 5.2-magnitude surface impact.
• The resulting debris mass choked the Lhende Khola (a tributary of the Bhote Koshi/Trishuli River system), causing water levels to spike by 7 to 9 meters within 30 minutes and sending a destructive debris flow downstream into districts like Rasuwa and Dhading.

Hypotheses & Ongoing Investigations

• While rising regional temperatures and climate-induced permafrost/glacial weakening (Glacial Lake Outburst Flood- GLOF) are widely cited as background vulnerabilities, the exact environmental trigger for the sudden shear remains under investigation by bodies like the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD).
• Scientists continue to monitor whether residual debris fields have created fragile new temporary dams prone to secondary outbursts.

Why the impact was so severe?

• Steep Himalayan Terrain
  • The incredibly sharp mountain slopes forced water, rocks, and debris to move at extreme speeds.
  • Because the valleys are so narrow, they acted like funnels, tightly concentrating the flood’s destructive energy.
• Fragile Geology
  • The Himalayas are young and tectonically active, making the ground naturally unstable.
  • This weak structure caused massive landslides and earth movements that worsened the disaster.
• Heavy Debris Load
  • The disaster was not a typical water flood.
  • Instead, it was a highly destructive debris flow- a thick, powerful mixture of water, ice, boulders, mud, and sediment that crushed everything in its path.
• Infrastructure in Hazard Corridors
  • Because of economic advantages, growing importance of Nepal-China connectivity and geographical constraints, critical infrastructure like roads, bridges, towns, and hydropower projects were built directly inside dangerous river valleys.
  • High energy potential led to a high density of buildings, vastly increasing the overall disaster exposure.
• Limited Warning Time
  • Unlike regular river floods that take hours or days to build up, these high-altitude flash floods struck with immediate force, leaving almost no time for local communities to evacuate safely.

India Angle

The disaster has significance for India because Himalayan rivers originating in or passing through Nepal eventually enter the Ganga river system.

• Major concerns
  • Transboundary flood risk
  • Real-time hydrological data sharing
  • Early-warning systems
  • Protection of downstream populations
  • Indian tourists/pilgrims affected in Nepal
  • India–Nepal disaster-response cooperation.

The episode also highlights the importance of cross-border information sharing for Himalayan hazards.

Why is Nepal Highly Vulnerable to Natural Disaster?

Young and fragile Himalayas

• Nepal lies in the Himalayas, where the Indian Plate continues to push against the Eurasian Plate.
• This ongoing tectonic activity makes the region prone to earthquakes, fault movements and landslides.
• The 2015 Gorkha earthquake (magnitude 7.8) showed how quickly a major earthquake can trigger widespread landslides and damage infrastructure.

Sharp Variation in Altitude

Nepal has a very steep change in elevation, from the Terai plains in the south to the high Himalayas in the north.

• The elevation rises from about 60 metres in the Terai to 8,848.86 metres at Mount Everest.
• Such steep slopes allow water, rocks and loose sediment to move rapidly downhill.
• The narrow valleys also leave little room for floodwaters to spread, making flash floods particularly destructive.

Intense Monsoon Rainfall 

• Nepal receives most of its annual rainfall during the June–September southwest monsoon.
• Heavy rain can saturate already unstable mountain slopes and trigger landslides, debris flows and flash floods.
• The country has more than 6,000 rivers and rivulets, many of which originate in the Himalayan region, adding to its flood exposure.

Glacial Retreat and GLOF Risk

• Climate change is increasing the vulnerability of the Himalayan region to glacier-related hazards.
• As temperatures rise, glaciers are retreating and some glacial lakes are expanding, increasing the possibility of sudden water releases when their natural dams become unstable.
• Such events can cause Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs).
• Extreme rainfall, ice or rock avalanches and other changes in high-altitude conditions can further add to the risk.
• However, climate change is a risk multiplier rather than the sole cause of Nepal’s vulnerability, which is also shaped by its steep terrain, fragile geology and human activities.

Human Activities increase the damage

• Natural hazards do not always become disasters on their own.
• The extent of damage also depends on how people use and develop vulnerable areas.
  • Deforestation can weaken slopes and increase runoff.
  • Unplanned road construction can disturb fragile mountain slopes.
  • Settlements and infrastructure built close to rivers face greater flood exposure.
  • Poorly planned construction in unstable terrain can turn a natural hazard into a major disaster.
  • Hydropower projects, many of which are located along river valleys, can also be exposed to floods, landslides and debris flows.

Therefore, Nepal’s vulnerability is the result of a combination of its fragile Himalayan geography, active tectonics, intense monsoon, changing cryosphere and growing human pressure on vulnerable terrain.

Disaster Management

• Nepal’s vulnerability is not limited to one hazard, it faces cascading and compound disasters, where one hazard can trigger another – for example, an earthquake can trigger landslides, while intense rainfall can subsequently destabilize those slopes.
• A conventional flood-warning system largely depends on rainfall and river-level monitoring.
• However, the Himalayan region faces several interconnected hazards, so disaster preparedness needs a broader approach that combines,
  • Glacier and glacial-lake monitoring,
  • Landslide detection,
  • Seismic activity,
  • River levels monitoring
  • Satellite-based observations.
• This integrated system can help authorities identify risks earlier and issue timely warnings to vulnerable communities.
• Key measures
  • Multi-hazard early-warning systems
  • Hydro meteorological monitoring
  • Remote sensing and satellite monitoring
  • Hazard-zone mapping
  • Real-time river and weather data sharing
  • Cross-border early-warning mechanisms
  • Climate-resilient infrastructure
  • Disaster-risk financing
  • Early dissemination of warnings
  • Regulation of construction in vulnerable valleys
  • Community-based disaster preparedness
  • Better evacuation routes and emergency communication.

Way Forward and Conclusion

Natural hazards cannot be completely prevented, but their impact can be reduced through risk-informed development and timely preparedness.

For Nepal, the focus should be on avoiding construction in high-risk areas, improving early-warning systems and building local capacity to respond quickly. This can help shift disaster management from post-disaster relief to prevention and resilience.

UPSC Prelims and Mains Practice Question

Consider the following statements:

1. GLOFs involve the sudden release of water stored in a glacial lake.
2. Landslides and ice avalanches can act as triggers for GLOFs.
3. Every flash flood originating in the Himalayas is necessarily a GLOF.
4. Climate change can influence the vulnerability of high-altitude Himalayan regions to glacial hazards.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

A) 1, 2 and 3 only

B) 2, 3 and 4 only

C) 1, 2 and 4 only

D) 1,2,3 and 4

Answer: 1, 2 and 4 only.

Mains Practice Question

Q. The Himalayan region is increasingly witnessing multi-hazard events involving glaciers, landslides, debris flows and flash floods. Discuss the factors responsible and suggest measures to strengthen disaster resilience. (250 words)

Daily Current Affairs: Click Here

Rate this Article and Leave Feedback