Daily Current Affairs 10 August 2023 – IAS Current Affairs

Current Affairs 10 August 2023 focuses on Prelims-Mains perspective. Major events are :

Sub-Mission on Agro forestry (SMAF)

Source: PIB
GS III: Major crops cropping patterns in various parts of the country, different types of irrigation and irrigation systems storage, transport and marketing of agricultural produce and issues and related constraints; e-technology in the aid of farmers

Overview

1. Features of Restructured Agroforestry Scheme
2. About Sub-Mission on Agro forestry (SMAF)
3. What is agroforestry?

Why in News?

The erstwhile Centrally Sponsored Scheme of Sub-Mission on Agro forestry (SMAF) has now been restructured with focus on Quality Planting Material as an Agroforestry component to be implemented as one of the components of Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY) with an indicative outlay of Rs. 271.65 crore (GoI Share) for the 15th Finance Commission period i.e. 2021-22 to 2025-26 with special focus on production of certified Quality Planting Material (QPM).

Features of Restructured Agroforestry Scheme

• ICAR-Central Agro forestry Research Institute (CAFRI) is the nodal agency for providing technical support, capacity building, setting up of nurseries, production, and certification of QPM etc.
• CAFRI shall extend support through its All India Coordinated Research Project (AICRP) centers on agroforestry situated at various locations around the country.
• For the implementation of the scheme State Nodal Department/Agency shall be identified for each State/UTs.
• The Nodal Department/Agency shall ensure the availability of QPM by producing on its own or through the collaborative arrangement with individuals/institutions such as SAUs, KVKs, FPOs, SHGs, NGOs, Entrepreneurs/Startups, Forest/Agriculture institutes, farmers/cooperative societies etc.
• QMP raised under the scheme shall be made available for farmers/SHGs free of cost or as decided by the respective States/UTs.

The scheme will have the following major components/ activities;

• Establishment of Nurseries for Production of QPM
• Tissue culture lab for quality planting material
• Skill Development and awareness campaign (up to 5% of allocation):
• Research & Development, Market linking:
• Project Management Unit (PMU) and Agroforestry Technical Support Group (TSG)
• Local Initiative (upto 2 % of Approved Annual Plan)

About Sub-Mission on Agro forestry (SMAF)

• It is well recognised that agroforestry has the ability to reduce the consequences of climate change by regulating microclimate, conserving natural resources, and creating alternative sources of livelihood and economic possibilities.
• The National Agroforestry Policy was created by the Indian government in 2014 to reduce the vulnerability of agriculture to climate anomalies.
• The policy suggests creating a Mission or Board to organise the growth of the agroforestry industry.
• An effort towards this goal is the Sub-Mission on Agroforestry (SMAF) under NMSA.
• The purpose of the proposal is to increase the amount of trees on fields to support agricultural crops.

What are the objectives of the Sub-Mission on Agro forestry (SMAF)?

• To promote and increase tree planting in a complementary and integrated way with cattle, crops, and other land uses in order to improve the productivity, job prospects, income production, and way of life of rural households, particularly small farmers.
  must make certain that high-quality planting materials, including as seeds, seedlings, clones, hybrids, enhanced varieties, etc., are readily available.
• To spread awareness of diverse agroforestry techniques/models that are appropriate for varied agro-ecological zones and topographies.
• To build a database and provide information and assistance for expertise in the field of agroforestry.
• To aid the agroforestry industry in capacity building and extension.

Funding

• Funding pattern 60:40 as GoI: State Govts basis for all states excepting for 8 states of NE Region.
• Farmers would get financial help in the amount of 50% of the interventions’ real cost.
• Farmers groups, cooperatives, and Farmer Producers Organisations (FPO) can also benefit from the project, however access to the aid is subject to rules and regulations.
• Small and Marginal Farmers: At least 50% of the allocation is to be utilized in which 30% are women beneficiaries/ farmers.
• SC/ST allocation: 16% & 8% of the total allocation or in proportion of SC/ST population in the district.

What is agroforestry?

• Agroforestry is a sustainable land management approach that involves the integration of trees, shrubs, and other perennial plants with crops and/or livestock on the same piece of land.
• It is a holistic and environmentally friendly practice that combines elements of agriculture and forestry to achieve multiple benefits.
• Agroforestry systems are designed to optimize productivity, conserve natural resources, and enhance ecosystem services.

Key Aspects of Agroforestry:

• Integration of Trees and Crops/Livestock: Agroforestry involves deliberately planting and managing trees alongside agricultural crops or livestock. These components interact in ways that enhance the overall productivity of the system.
• Diverse Arrangements: Agroforestry systems can take various forms, such as alley cropping (planting rows of trees between crop rows), silvopasture (integrating trees with livestock grazing), and forest farming (combining crops and trees under a forest canopy).
• Benefits to Ecosystem and Environment:
  • Soil Conservation: Tree roots help prevent soil erosion and improve soil structure, reducing the loss of fertile topsoil.
  • Biodiversity: Agroforestry systems provide habitats for various plant and animal species, promoting biodiversity.
  • Carbon Sequestration: Trees in agroforestry systems capture and store carbon dioxide, contributing to climate change mitigation.
  • Water Management: Trees help regulate water flow, reducing runoff and improving water quality.
• Enhanced Productivity:
  • Increased Crop Yields: Trees can provide shade, reducing heat stress on crops and improving yields.
  • Livestock Benefits: Trees offer shade, shelter, and forage for livestock, enhancing their health and productivity.
• Nutrient Cycling: Trees and plants in agroforestry systems can fix nitrogen from the atmosphere and make it available to crops, reducing the need for synthetic fertilizers.
• Economic Benefits: Agroforestry systems can diversify income sources for farmers by producing timber, fruits, nuts, and other marketable products.

Examples of Agroforestry Practices:

• Taungya System: In this system, tree planting is combined with shifting agriculture. Farmers plant crops between young trees, and as the trees grow, they provide shade for the crops.
• Homegardens: Small-scale agroforestry systems where trees, crops, and livestock are integrated around homes. They provide food security, nutrition, and income to families.
• Windbreaks and Shelterbelts: Rows of trees are planted to protect crops and livestock from wind, thereby reducing evaporation, wind erosion, and damage to crops.
• Multi-Strata Agroforestry: Several layers of vegetation, including tall trees, small trees, shrubs, and ground cover, are integrated to maximize resource use and benefits.

Significance and Challenges:

Agroforestry holds immense significance for sustainable development and rural livelihoods:

• Sustainable Agriculture: Agroforestry promotes ecologically sound farming practices and enhances agricultural sustainability.
• Climate Resilience: Trees in agroforestry systems can provide shade and reduce temperature extremes, mitigating the impact of climate change.
• Rural Livelihoods: Agroforestry diversifies income sources, reduces risks, and enhances the economic resilience of rural communities.

Conclusion

• Agroforestry is a versatile and environmentally friendly approach that showcases the potential for harmonizing agricultural productivity and ecosystem services.
• By integrating trees with crops and livestock, agroforestry systems offer a holistic solution for sustainable land use, soil conservation, biodiversity enhancement, and rural development.
• Its adoption can contribute significantly to achieving the goals of sustainable agriculture and ensuring food security while protecting natural resources and the environment.

Indian Web Browser Development Challenge

Source: PIB
GS III: Science and Technology

Overview

1. News in Brief
2. About Indian Web Browser Development Challenge

Why in News?

Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology (MeitY) launched the Indian Web Browser Development Challenge (IWBDC) on 9th August 2023 in Launch Programme organized at India Habitat Centre, New Delhi. 

News in Brief

• Initiative aimed at fostering the development of indigenous web browsers within India.
• The Indian Web Browser Development Challenge is an initiative that encourages the creation and advancement of web browsers developed within India.
• This initiative aligns with the broader goals of promoting technological innovation, digital self-reliance, and ensuring data security and privacy for Indian users.

Details of Indian Web Browser Development Challenge

What are the Objectives?

• Promoting Indigenous Innovation: Encouraging Indian developers and companies to innovate in the field of web browser technology, fostering a culture of technological self-sufficiency.
• Enhancing Digital Sovereignty: Reducing dependence on foreign web browsers and technologies to ensure better control over data security, user privacy, and the digital ecosystem.
• Tailoring to Indian Needs: Designing web browsers that cater to the specific requirements of Indian users, including regional language support, local content, and cultural preferences.
• Supporting Startups: Providing a platform for startups and small businesses to showcase their technical capabilities and compete in the global tech market.

Benefits

• Data Security and Privacy: Indigenous browsers can implement robust data protection measures, reducing the risk of unauthorized

  

  data collection and breaches.

• Customization: Developers can tailor browsers to accommodate local content, services, and languages, making the internet experience more accessible and relevant for Indian users.
• Digital Inclusivity: Creating browsers that cater to users with limited internet connectivity or lower-end devices, improving accessibility to digital resources.
• Job Creation: The challenge can stimulate job creation and economic growth in the technology sector by fostering a competitive environment for browser development.
• Global Recognition: Successful indigenous browsers could gain international recognition, showcasing India’s technological prowess on a global stage.

Challenges

• Technological Innovation: Developing browsers with cutting-edge features and functionalities that compete with established global browsers.
• User Adoption: Convincing users to switch from familiar browsers to new, native alternatives can be a challenge.
• Funding and Resources: Adequate funding and resources are essential for research, development, and marketing efforts.
• Browser Standards: Ensuring compatibility with established web standards and addressing potential compatibility issues.
• Sustainability: Maintaining and continuously improving browsers to stay current with evolving web technologies.

Government Support

• Financial Support: Offering grants, subsidies, and incentives to startups and developers engaged in browser development.
• Regulatory Framework: Establishing policies that encourage the use of indigenous browsers in government institutions and public services.
• Collaboration: Facilitating collaboration between academia, research institutions, and the private sector to pool resources and knowledge.
• Awareness Campaigns: Running public awareness campaigns to educate users about the benefits of using indigenous browsers.

Conclusion

• The Indian Web Browser Development Challenge represents a significant step towards achieving digital self-reliance and fostering innovation within the technology sector.
• By supporting the development of indigenous web browsers, India can not only enhance its digital sovereignty but also contribute to the global tech landscape with innovative solutions tailored to its unique requirements.

Small Modular Nuclear Reactors

Source: The Hindu
GS III: Conservation, environmental pollution and degradation, environmental impact assessment

Overview

1. What are Small Modular Reactors?
2. What is Decarbonization?

Why in News?

Based on a news report the rise in coal consumption despite increased solar and wind power underlines the need for Low-Carbon Electricity Resources such as Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) to ensure Deep Decarbonization.

What are Small Modular Reactors

What are Small Modular Reactors (SMRs)?

• Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) are nuclear reactors that are smaller in size and power output compared to traditional nuclear reactors.
• They are designed to generate electricity on a smaller scale, typically producing between 10 to 300 megawatts (MW) of electrical power.
• This is in contrast to traditional large-scale nuclear reactors, which can have power outputs of 1000 MW or more.

Advantages of SMRs:

• Modularity: SMRs are designed to be manufactured in smaller, standardized modules. This modular design makes them easier to

  

  construct, transport, and assemble, potentially reducing construction costs and project timelines.

• Enhanced Safety: SMRs often incorporate advanced safety features due to their newer designs. They can include passive safety systems that can shut down the reactor without relying on external power or human intervention.
• Flexibility: The smaller size of SMRs allows them to be deployed in various locations, including remote or off-grid areas, where large-scale power plants might not be feasible.
• Reduced Environmental Impact: SMRs can produce electricity with reduced greenhouse gas emissions compared to fossil fuel-based power plants, contributing to efforts to combat climate change.
• Waste Management: Some SMR designs aim to reduce the volume and toxicity of nuclear waste generated, making waste management more manageable.
• Economic Benefits: The modular design and potential for quicker construction could lead to reduced initial investment costs and easier financing.

Challenges and Considerations:

• Economics: While the modular design might reduce construction costs, the cost per unit of electricity produced by SMRs might still be higher compared to larger reactors or alternative energy sources.
• Regulatory Hurdles: The regulatory framework for nuclear power plants is well-established for larger reactors but might need adjustments to accommodate the unique features of SMRs.
• Public Acceptance: Just like any nuclear project, public perception and acceptance are crucial factors. Addressing concerns about safety, waste disposal, and proliferation of nuclear materials is important.
• Technical Complexities: Developing new SMR designs and ensuring their safety and reliability can be technically challenging.
• Competition with Renewables: SMRs might face competition from rapidly advancing renewable energy technologies that are becoming more cost-effective and widely adopted.

What is Decarbonization?

• Decarbonization refers to the process of reducing or eliminating carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from various sectors of the economy, with the ultimate goal of mitigating climate change and limiting global warming.
• It involves transitioning from fossil fuel-based energy sources, which release significant amounts of CO2 when burned, to cleaner and more sustainable energy sources and practices.

Importance of Decarbonization: Decarbonization is of paramount importance due to the following reasons:

• Climate Change Mitigation: The primary driver behind decarbonization is the urgent need to combat climate change. Carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases trap heat in the Earth’s atmosphere, leading to a rise in global temperatures and causing adverse impacts such as sea level rise, extreme weather events, and disruptions in ecosystems.
• Global Commitments: Many nations have committed to international agreements like the Paris Agreement, where they pledge to limit global warming to well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels. Achieving this goal requires significant decarbonization efforts.
• Sustainability: Transitioning to low-carbon and renewable energy sources ensures the sustainability of energy systems, reduces environmental degradation, and conserves natural resources.
• Air Quality Improvement: Apart from addressing climate change, decarbonization also improves air quality by reducing the emissions of pollutants that contribute to respiratory diseases and other health issues.

Approaches to Decarbonization: Several approaches are being pursued to achieve decarbonization:

• Renewable Energy: Increasing the use of renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, hydro, and geothermal power provides clean alternatives to fossil fuels for electricity generation.
• Energy Efficiency: Improving energy efficiency in industries, transportation, and buildings reduces energy consumption and, consequently, carbon emissions.
• Electrification: Transitioning from fossil fuel-powered vehicles to electric vehicles (EVs) and using electricity for heating and industrial processes can significantly reduce emissions.
• Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS): CCS involves capturing CO2 emissions from industrial processes and power plants and then storing them underground, preventing their release into the atmosphere.
• Nuclear Energy: Nuclear power, despite its own challenges, is a low-carbon energy source that can provide a continuous and reliable power supply.
• Behavioral Changes: Encouraging changes in consumption patterns and lifestyle, such as reduced meat consumption and more sustainable transportation choices, can contribute to lower carbon emissions.
• Policy and Regulation: Governments play a crucial role in promoting decarbonization through policies, regulations, and incentives that encourage the adoption of low-carbon technologies and practices.

Challenges

• Decarbonization faces challenges such as technological barriers, infrastructure requirements, economic costs, and the need for global cooperation.
• Balancing the energy transition with social and economic needs while ensuring energy security is a complex task.

Conclusion

• Decarbonization is a critical strategy to address the pressing challenge of climate change.
• It involves a multi-faceted approach that encompasses changes in energy production, consumption, and policy.
• Through concerted efforts and global cooperation, decarbonization can pave the way for a more sustainable and resilient future.

National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP)

Source: Newsonair
GS II: Welfare schemes for vulnerable sections of the population by the Centre and States and the performance of these schemes; mechanisms, laws, institutions and Bodies constituted for the protection and betterment of these vulnerable sections

Overview

1. News in Brief
2. National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP)

Why in News?

Recently the government said there is no proposal to increase the pension amount under the National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP).

News in Brief

• This information was given by Rural Development Minister, Giriraj Singh in a written answer in the Lok Sabha on 25th July 2023.
• 100 percent Centrally Sponsored Scheme for the most vulnerable sections of our society living below the poverty line, both in rural and urban areas.
• It comprises three pension schemes: Indira Gandhi National Old Age Pension Scheme for old aged persons, Indira Gandhi National Widow Pension Scheme for widows and Indira Gandhi Disability Pension Scheme for disabled persons.

National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP)

• The National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP) stands as a beacon of hope for the most vulnerable segments of Indian society.
• Launched in 1995, this comprehensive social welfare initiative aims to provide financial assistance and social support to the elderly, widows, and disabled individuals who often find themselves marginalized and economically disadvantaged.
• The NSAP plays a pivotal role in fostering social inclusion and reducing poverty among these sections of society.
• It was launched in 1995 as a Centrally Sponsored Scheme of the MoRD, Government of India.

Components of NSAP

The NSAP comprises five key schemes, each catering to specific categories of beneficiaries:

1. Indira Gandhi National Old Age Pension Scheme (IGNOAPS)
   • This scheme aims to provide a monthly pension to elderly citizens aged 60 and above, who are living below the poverty line.
   • The pension amount varies from state to state and has undergone revisions over time to accommodate inflation and changing economic conditions.
2. Indira Gandhi National Widow Pension Scheme (IGNWPS)
   • Targeting destitute widows in the age group of 40-59 years, this scheme offers financial assistance to help them meet their basic needs and lead a dignified life.
3. Indira Gandhi National Disability Pension Scheme (IGNDPS)
   • This component provides a monthly pension to persons with severe disabilities between 18 and 59 years of age.
   • The scheme is designed to support their daily sustenance and facilitate their integration into mainstream society.
4. National Family Benefit Scheme (NFBS)
   • NFBS provides a one-time grant to the bereaved family in case of the primary breadwinner’s death, to help them cope with the immediate financial burden and stabilize their lives.
5. Annapurna Scheme
   • This initiative aims to provide food security to indigent senior citizens who, despite their age, are not receiving a pension under the NSAP or any other social security scheme.

Importance of NSAP: The NSAP plays a crucial role in addressing several pressing issues faced by the most vulnerable sections of society:

• Poverty Alleviation: By providing regular pensions and one-time grants, the NSAP aids in alleviating poverty and reducing economic disparities among the marginalized population.
• Social Inclusion: The financial assistance under the NSAP empowers beneficiaries to maintain a certain standard of living, enhancing their social status and fostering inclusion within their communities.
• Gender Empowerment: The specific provision of pension for widows helps empower women who have traditionally been marginalized after losing their husbands, enabling them to lead independent lives.
• Disability Support: The IGNDPS offers a lifeline for persons with disabilities, helping them overcome financial challenges and enabling their active participation in society.
• Food Security: The Annapurna Scheme contributes to the nutritional well-being of elderly citizens, ensuring that they are not deprived of basic sustenance.

Challenges and the Way Forward: While the NSAP has made significant strides in improving the lives of vulnerable individuals, certain challenges persist:

1. Coverage and Outreach: Ensuring that every eligible individual is included in the scheme’s ambit remains a challenge due to bureaucratic hurdles, lack of awareness, and difficulties in identifying beneficiaries.
2. Adequate Funding: Adequate funding and timely disbursement of pension amounts are crucial to maintain the effectiveness of the scheme. Regular revisions of pension amounts are necessary to keep up with inflation and rising living costs.
3. Technology Integration: Embracing digital technologies can streamline the application process, reduce delays, and enhance transparency in disbursing benefits.
4. Monitoring and Evaluation: Regular monitoring and evaluation mechanisms are vital to track the scheme’s impact and identify areas for improvement.
5. Awareness Campaigns: Widening the reach of awareness campaigns can ensure that eligible beneficiaries are well-informed about their entitlements under the NSAP.

Conclusion

• The National Social Assistance Programme remains a cornerstone of India’s efforts to uplift the marginalized sections of society.
• By providing financial assistance, social support, and a sense of dignity to the elderly, widows, and disabled citizens, NSAP contributes significantly to poverty alleviation and social inclusion.
• However, continuous efforts are needed to overcome challenges and make the scheme more efficient, transparent, and accessible, ensuring that its benefits reach every deserving individual in the country.

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